scholarly journals Policy measures to promote mid-summer drainage in paddy fields for a reduction in methane gas emissions: the application of a dynamic, spatial computable general equilibrium model

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-222
Author(s):  
Yoji Kunimitsu ◽  
Motoki Nishimori
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Nominal Income ◽  
Rice Prices ◽  
Spatial Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Environmental Subsidies

Abstract Rice production is affected by climate change, while climate change is simultaneously accelerated by methane gas (CH4) emissions from paddy fields. The rice sector must take suitable mitigation measures, such as prolonging mid-summer drainage (MSD) before the rice flowering period. To propose a mitigation policy, this study aims to demonstrate the environmental and economic effects of MSD in Japanese paddy fields by using a dynamic, spatial computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and crop model; the study also considers environmental subsidies with a carbon tax scheme to promote MSD measures. The results demonstrate that climate change under the 8.5 representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenario will reduce rice prices and rice farmers’ nominal income due to bumper harvests until the 2050s. Promoting MSD in paddy fields can prevent a decrease in farmers’ nominal income and effectively reduce CH4 emissions if all farmers adopt this measure. However, some farmers can potentially increase their own yield by avoiding MSD under high rice prices, which would be maintained through other farmers’ participation. A strong motivation exists for some farmers to gain a “free ride,” and an environmental subsidy with a carbon tax can help motivate farmers to adopt MSD. Therefore, the policy mix of prolonging MSD and environmental subsidies can increase all farmers’ incomes by preventing “free rides” and decrease greenhouse gas emissions with a slight decrease in Japan’s GDP.

scholarly journals The contribution of carbon pricing to sustainable mining

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sam Meng ◽  
Mahinda Siriwardana ◽  
Judith McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Brown Coal ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Exchange Rate Regime ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Flexible Exchange Rate ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Cent Decrease

Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are essential to reducing the rate and scale of anthropogenic climate change to levels that can sustain the planet’s biosphere. A carbon tax is a policy measure that is designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the prices of the highest carbon-polluting goods and services in an economy, thus encouraging substitution towards resultant relatively cheaper and less-polluting goods where possible. When Australia introduced such a tax in 2012, there was a fear that it could threaten the resources boom, considered the engine of Australian economic growth in recent years. By employing a computable general equilibrium model and an environmentally-extended Social Accounting Matrix, this paper demonstrates the effects of a carbon tax on the resources sector. The modelled results show that, in a flexible exchange rate regime, all resources within the sector will be affected negatively but to different degrees. The brown coal sector will be the hardest hit, with a 25.74 per cent decrease in output, 52.94 per cent decrease in employment and 89.37 per cent decrease in profitability. However, other resources in the sector would be only mildly affected. From the point of view of sustainability, the most significant results are that, under the carbon tax, the resources sector contributes considerably to the carbon emission reduction target of Australia. Given that brown coal accounts for only a small portion of the resources sector, it is reasonable to suggest that a carbon tax would not significantly affect the overall performance of the sector.

The possible macroeconomic and sectoral impacts of carbon taxation on Turkey’s economy: A computable general equilibrium analyses

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 784-801
Author(s):  
Levent Aydın
Keyword(s):  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Carbon Taxation ◽  
Per Capita

Although the idea of carbon tax was debated widely in the early 1970s, the first carbon taxes were imposed in some Northern European countries at the beginning of the 1990s. Since the Paris summit in 2015, there has been a growing interest in carbon tax that has begun to increase again. Although Turkey’s share of carbon emissions in terms of total global emissions is low, the rate of increase in emissions has increased in recent years and should be a cause for concern. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the possible effects of carbon taxes on Turkey’s economy by disaggregating the electricity sector a by using the computable general equilibrium model. Simulation results show that carbon taxation is a highly effective means to reduce carbon emissions. Despite all sectors being adversely affected, some low emission energy, textile, and other service sectors benefit from carbon pricing. The results also indicate macroeconomic costs of imposing a carbon tax at $7 per ton of carbon in terms of the decrease in GDP by 0.061% and associated with per capita utility of the representative household by 0.09% in scenario a. Imposition of successively higher carbon taxes in scenario b and scenario c results in 5.75, 12.02, and 16.95% reduction in carbon emissions at decreasing rate, respectively. However, these reductions are also accompanied by a decrease in real GDP and per capita utility from household expenditure, as macroeconomic costs, in scenarios a, b, and c at increasing rates.

scholarly journals COSTS AND BENEFITS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN SWITZERLAND

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 1950005 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK VÖHRINGER ◽  
MARC VIELLE ◽  
PHILIPPE THALMANN ◽  
ANITA FREHNER ◽  
WOLFGANG KNOKE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Impact Studies ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Data Constraints

Understanding the economic magnitude of climate change (CC) impacts is a prerequisite for developing adequate adaptation strategies. In Switzerland, despite new climate scenarios and impact studies, only few impacts have been monetized. Our objective is to assess costs and opportunities of CC for Switzerland by 2060, while enhancing the assessment methods. Using inputs from bottom-up impact studies, we simulate the economic consequences of climate scenarios in a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework. We cover health, buildings/infrastructure, energy, water, agriculture, tourism, the spill-overs to other sectors, and international effects. Due to data constraints, significant impacts have not been quantified, e.g., for heat waves and droughts more extreme than the 2060 average climate. For the considered impacts, welfare decreases by 0.37% to 1.37% in 2060 relative to a reference without CC. Higher summer temperatures increase mortality and decrease productivity. Contrariwise, tourism benefits from extended summer seasons. Regarding energy, increased demand for cooling is overcompensated by savings in heating.

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