In vitro efficacy of amitraz, coumaphos, deltamethrin and lindane against engorged female Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks

Background and Aim: Ivermectin (IVM) has been used in veterinary practice to control different parasitic infestations over the past two decades. This study aimed to re-assess the acaricidal effects of IVM, as well as to evaluate its efficacy against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus by determining the mortality rate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level, and oxidative/ antioxidative homeostasis (malondialdehyde [MDA] levels and glutathione S-transferase [GST] activities). Materials and Methods: Adult females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus were picked from cattle farms in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Ticks were equally allocated to seven experimental groups to assess the acaricidal potential of IVM chemotherapeutics in controlling R. (B.) annulatus. IVM was prepared at three concentrations (11.43, 17.14, and 34.28 μM of IVM). Results: Mortality rate was calculated among the treated ticks. In addition, GABA, GST, and MDA biomarker levels were monitored. The data revealed a noticeable change in GST activity, a detoxification enzyme found in R. (B.) annulatus, through a critical elevation in mortality percentage. Conclusion: IVM-induced potent acaricidal effects against R. (B.) annulatus by repressing GST activity for the initial 24 h after treatment. Collectively, this paper reports the efficacy of IVM in a field population of R. (B.) annulatus in Egypt. Keywords: acaricidal, glutathione S-transferase, ivermectin, malondialdehyde, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, γ-aminobutyric acid.

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In vitro acaricidal effects of ethanolic extract and its fractions of Ageratum conyzoides L. against common cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus

Annals of Phytomedicine An International Journal ◽

10.21276/ap.2017.6.2.17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Suresh Narayanan Nair ◽

Sanis Juliet ◽

Krishnan Kavillimakkil Amithamol ◽

Athalathil Ramankutty Sunil ◽

Adarsh Krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

Ageratum Conyzoides ◽

Boophilus Annulatus

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The effect of aging on the biological efficiency of some DDT cattle-dipping formulations.

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9610733 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 733 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

DK O'Neill ◽

AE Alexander

Keyword(s):

Crystal Growth ◽

Bentonite Clay ◽

Hydrophobic Surface ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Butyl Oleate ◽

Aging Period ◽

Haemaphysalis Bispinosa ◽

Supercooled Melt

Bush ticks (Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann) were used to compare the biological efficiency (toxicity) and amount of DDT deposited from suspensions of four formulations of DDT normally used for dipping cattle. The effects of aging and the addition of bentonite clay and of salt on the suspensions were measured over periods of 28 days: three formulations which were of the supercooled melt type changed in toxicity and deposit on aging whilst the fourth formulation-a dispersible powder-did not alter appreciably. It is suggested that the low concentration of soaps (i.e. surface active agents) in the latter made it relatively immune to aging and the effects of bentonite and salt. In the supercooled melt formulations, wherein the concentrations of soaps were very much greater, the changes are ascribed to DDT crystal growth and aggregation, which in turn are governed by the nature and amounts of soaps present. The formulation containing sulphated butyl oleate gave the greatest deposit, with a maximum occurring at about 14 days, whereas the toxicity increased progressively on aging. The two other supercooled melt formulations contained undisclosed mixtures of anionic and non-ionic soaps; although the deposits increased, no maximum occurred within the aging period. The amounts deposited were similar to but not as large as those from the first formulation. The addition of bentonite and salt lowered both deposits and toxicities. It is suggested that bentonite adsorbed the soaps, thereby retarding crystal growth, and also became adsorbed on the DDT surfaces, thereby stabilizing the suspensions. The concentration of added salt was such that it stabilized the suspensions and resulted in DDT crystal sizes giving lower deposits and hence lower toxicities. The effect was most marked with the formulation containing sulphated butyl oleate. It is suggested that the hydrophobic surface of the tick is important in the attachment of DDT particles, the amount retained on dipping depending largely upon crystal size and degree of aggregation. Correlation between the in vitro tests and field performances of the formulations is discussed.

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The epidemiology of Q fever

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0022172400013085 ◽

1944 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 357-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

E. H. Derrick

Keyword(s):

Natural History ◽

Q Fever ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Human Infection ◽

Mode Of Entry ◽

Boophilus Annulatus ◽

Haemaphysalis Bispinosa ◽

Ixodes Holocyclus ◽

History Of

In seven years 176 cases of Q fever have been diagnosed in Queensland. Nearly all the 129 patients who lived in Brisbane were associated with meat works. Most of the forty-seven country patients worked on dairy farms.Investigation of native animals, cattle and ticks, has indicated in outline the natural history of Q fever, which is set out diagrammatically in Fig. 1. (Several steps in this outline need confirmation and much detail remains to be filled in.)First there is a basic cycle of infection with the bandicoot (and probably other bush animals) as reservoir, andHaemaphysalis humerosa(and probablyIxodes holocyclus) as vector. A bush worker may interrupt this cycle and get Q fever from the attack ofIxodes holocyclus.Cattle become infected, probably throughIxodes holocyclusand perhaps through other ticks. It is possible that there is a secondary cycle: cattle-Haemaphysalis bispinosa-cattle.Ticks on the cattle (Boophilus annulatus microplusorHaemaphysalis bispinosa) are probably the source of human infection. It is suggested that inhalation of tick faeces is the likely mode of entry ofRickettsia burneti.

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