scholarly journals Diet and expression of estrogen alpha and progesterone receptors in the normal mammary gland

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-607
Author(s):  
Pagona Lagiou ◽  
Evangelia Samoli ◽  
Areti Lagiou ◽  
Christina Georgila ◽  
Pantelina Zourna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Progesterone Receptors ◽  
Normal Mammary Gland

scholarly journals Reproductive tissue selective actions of progesterone receptors

Reproduction ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biserka Mulac-Jericevic ◽  
Orla M Conneely
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Progesterone Receptors ◽  
Normal Mammary Gland ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Gland Morphogenesis ◽  
The Individual

The steroid hormone, progesterone, plays a central coordinate role in diverse events associated with female reproduction. In humans and other vertebrates, the biological activity of progesterone is mediated by modulation of the transcriptional activity of two progesterone receptors, PR-A and PR-B. These receptors arise from the same gene and exhibit both overlapping and distinct transcriptional activitiesin vitro. To delineate the individual roles of PR-A and PR-Bin vivo, we have generated mouse models in which expression of a single PR isoform has been ablated. Analysis of the reproductive phenotypes of these mice has indicated that PR-A and PR-B mediate mostly distinct but partially overlapping reproductive responses to progesterone. While selective ablation of the PR-A protein (PR-A knockout mice, PRAKO mice) shows normal mammary gland response to progesterone but severe uterine hyperplasia and ovarian abnormalities, ablation of PR-B protein (PRBKO mice) does not affect biological responses of the ovary or uterus to progesterone but results in reduced pregnancy-associated mammary gland morphogenesis. The distinct tissue-specific reproductive responses to progesterone exhibited by these isoforms are due to regulation of distinct subsets of progesterone-dependent target genes by the individual PR isoforms. This review will summarize our current understanding of the selective contribution of PR isoforms to the cellular and molecular actions of progesterone in reproductive tissues.

scholarly journals Progesterone receptors in normal mammary gland: receptor modulations in relation to differentiation.

1980 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 730-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Z Haslam ◽  
G Shyamala
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Progesterone Receptors ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Normal Mammary Gland ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Mammary Gland Differentiation

The biological basis for the observed modulation in cytoplasmic progesterone receptors (PgR) of normal mammary gland occurring during mammary development was investigated. Specifically, the relative roles of hormones vs. differentiation on (a) the decrease in PgR concentration during pregnancy and lactation and (b) the loss of mammary responsiveness to estrogen during lactation were examined. PgR were measured using the synthetic progestin, R5020, as the ligand. The hormones estrogen and progesterone were tested in vivo for their effect of PgR concentration. Mammary gland differentiation was assessed morphologically and by measuring enzymatically active alpha-lactalbumin. These studies show that there is a stepwise decrease in PgR that occurs in two stages. The first decrease is completed by day 12 of pregnancy and the second decrease occurs only after parturition. There appears to be a hormonal basis for the first decrease and it appears to be caused by the negative effect of progesterone on estrogen-mediated increase in PgR. In direct contrast, the absence of PgR during lactation and the mammary tissue insensitivity to estrogenic stimulation of PgR were not related to the hormonal milieu of lactation but were directly related to the secretory state of the mammary gland and lactation per se.

scholarly journals Ultrasonographic Findings of Mastitic and Normal Mammary Gland in Bitches

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iulia Maria Balaci ◽  
Simona Ciupe ◽  
A. R. Pop ◽  
Laura Parlapan ◽  
Alexandru Arion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Normal Mammary Gland

scholarly journals Progesterone Receptor Isoforms A and B: Temporal and Spatial Differences in Expression during Murine Mammary Gland Development

Endocrinology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 146 (8) ◽  
pp. 3577-3588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Aupperlee ◽  
Kyle T. Smith ◽  
Anastasia Kariagina ◽  
Sandra Z. Haslam
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Cyclin D1 ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Normal Mammary Gland ◽  
Temporal Separation ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Gland Development

Abstract Progesterone is a potent mitogen in the mammary gland. Based on studies using cells and animals engineered to express progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms A or B, PRA and PRB are believed to have different functions. Using an immunohistochemical approach with antibodies specific for PRA only or PRB only, we show that PRA and PRB expression in mammary epithelial cells is temporally and spatially separated during normal mammary gland development in the BALB/c mouse. In the virgin mammary gland when ductal development is active, the only PR protein isoform expressed was PRA. PRA levels were significantly lower during pregnancy, suggesting a minor role at this stage of development. PRB was abundantly expressed only during pregnancy, during alveologenesis. PRA and PRB colocalization occurred in only a small percentage of cells. During pregnancy there was extensive colocalization of PRB with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and cyclin D1; 95% of BrdU-positive cells and 83% of cyclin D1-positive cells expressed PRB. No colocalization of PRA with either BrdU or cyclin D1 was observed at pregnancy. In the virgin gland, PRA colocalization with BrdU or cyclin D1 was low; only 27% of BrdU-positive cells and 4% of cyclin D1-positive cells expressed PRA. The implication of these findings is that different actions of progesterone are mediated in PRB positive vs. PRA-positive cells in vivo. The spatial and temporal separation of PR isoform expression in mouse mammary gland provides a unique opportunity to determine the specific functions of PRA vs. PRB in vivo.

scholarly journals Mammary Gland Specific Knockdown of the Physiological Surge in Cx26 during Lactation Retains Normal Mammary Gland Development and Function

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e101546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. G. Stewart ◽  
Isabelle Plante ◽  
John F. Bechberger ◽  
Christian C. Naus ◽  
Dale W. Laird
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Normal Mammary Gland ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gland Development

scholarly journals Zinc Signaling in the Mammary Gland: For Better and for Worse

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1204
Author(s):  
Moumita Chakraborty ◽  
Michal Hershfinkel
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Normal Mammary Gland ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Dna And Rna Synthesis ◽  
Zinc Signaling ◽  
Epithelial Physiology

Zinc (Zn2+) plays an essential role in epithelial physiology. Among its many effects, most prominent is its action to accelerate cell proliferation, thereby modulating wound healing. It also mediates affects in the gastrointestinal system, in the testes, and in secretory organs, including the pancreas, salivary, and prostate glands. On the cellular level, Zn2+ is involved in protein folding, DNA, and RNA synthesis, and in the function of numerous enzymes. In the mammary gland, Zn2+ accumulation in maternal milk is essential for supporting infant growth during the neonatal period. Importantly, Zn2+ signaling also has direct roles in controlling mammary gland development or, alternatively, involution. During breast cancer progression, accumulation or redistribution of Zn2+ occurs in the mammary gland, with aberrant Zn2+ signaling observed in the malignant cells. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of in Zn2+ the mammary gland, and the proteins controlling cellular Zn2+ homeostasis and signaling, including Zn2+ transporters and the Gq-coupled Zn2+ sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39. Significant advances in our understanding of Zn2+ signaling in the normal mammary gland as well as in the context of breast cancer provides new avenues for identification of specific targets for breast cancer therapy.

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