Histochemical structure and tensile properties of birch cork cell walls

Cellulose ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shingo Kiyoto ◽  
Junji Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cork Cell

scholarly journals A Cork Cell Wall Approach To Swelling And Boiling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Patrícia Poeiras ◽  
Cordula Voguel ◽  
Björn Günther ◽  
Constança Camilo-Alves ◽  
Peter Surový ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Cork Stopper ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Cork Cell ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Cell Wall Expansion

Abstract The bark of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) is mostly used for cork stopper production, whereas bark is undergoing a series of industrial procedures, boiling usually leading to changes in the characteristics of the tissue. Trees are traditionally grown under natural conditions; however, irrigation is now being used in plantations. These permanent water availability affects cork-oak development, while its effects on industrial procedures is unknown. This study provides a first insight into the behaviour of the cell walls of cork during the process of swelling and boiling when trees have been grown under irrigation, subject to a specific water regime. Cork tissue was analysed using environmental and scanning electron microscopy under three regimes: raw conditions; following immersion in water; and after boiling. Additionally, the radial expansion of samples was determined. The results showed greater cell-wall expansion in cork from the irrigated site than cork from the traditional rainfed plot, when hydrated for 24h. After boiling, the cell walls of the rainfed site were thinner than in the raw stage, in contrast to the irrigated cork. This study suggests that irrigation during cork-oak growth produces a higher capacity for adsorption, increasing cell-wall thickness from the raw stage to the boiling stage.

scholarly journals Ferulates and lignin structural composition in cork

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
António Velez Marques ◽  
Jorge Rencoret ◽  
Ana Gutiérrez ◽  
José C. del Río ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Aryl Ether ◽  
Alkyl Aryl ◽  
Structural Composition ◽  
Cork Cell ◽  
Ca 50

Abstract The structure of lignin and suberin, and ferulic acid (FA) content in cork from Quercus suber L. were studied. Extractive-free cork (Cork), suberin, desuberized cork (Corksap), and milled-cork lignins (MCL) from Cork and Corksap were isolated. Suberin composition was determined by GC-MS/FID, whereas the polymers structure in Cork, Corksap, and MCL was studied by Py-TMAH and 2D-HSQC-NMR. Suberin contained 94.4% of aliphatics and 3.2% of phenolics, with 90% of ω-hydroxyacids and α,ω-diacids. FA represented 2.7% of the suberin monomers, overwhelmingly esterified to the cork matrix. Py-TMAH revealed significant FA amounts in all samples, with about 3% and 6% in cork and cork lignins, respectively. Py-TMAH and 2D-HSQC-NMR demonstrated that cork lignin is a G-lignin (>96% G units), with a structure dominated by β–O–4′ alkyl-aryl ether linkages (80% and 77% of all linkages in MCL and MCLsap, respectively), followed by phenylcoumarans (18% and 20% in MCL and MCLsap, respectively), and smaller amounts of resinols (ca. 2%) and dibenzodioxocins (1%). HSQC also revealed that cork lignin is heavily acylated (ca. 50%) exclusively at the side-chain γ-position. Ferulates possibly have an important function in the chemical assembly of cork cell walls with a cross-linking role between suberin, lignin and carbohydrates.

Histochemical Structure and Tensile Properties of Birch Cork Cell Walls

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shingo Kiyoto ◽  
Junji Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Compound Middle Lamella ◽  
Cork Cell

Abstract Tensile tests of birch cork were performed in the tangential direction. Birch cork in the wet state showed significantly higher extensibility and toughness than those in the oven-dried state. The histochemical structure of birch cork was investigated by microscopic observation and spectroscopic analysis. Birch cork cell walls showed a three-layered structure. In transmission electron micrographs, osmium tetroxide stained the outer and inner layers, whereas potassium permanganate stained the middle and inner layers. After chemical treatment to remove suberin and lignin, the outer and inner layers disappeared and Fourier-transformed infrared spectra showed the cellulose I pattern. Polarizing light micrographs indicated that molecular chains in the outer and inner layers were oriented perpendicular to suberin lamination, whereas those in the inner layer showed longitudinal orientation. These results suggested that the outer and inner layers mainly consist of suberin, whereas the middle layer and compound middle lamella consist of lignin, cellulose, and other polysaccharides. We hypothesized a hierarchical model of the birch cork cell wall. The lignified cell wall with helical arrangement of cellulose microfibrils is sandwiched between two suberized walls. Cellulose microfibrils in the middle layer act like a spring and bear tensile loads. In the wet state, water and cellulose in the compound middle lamella transfer tensile stress between cells. In the dried state, this stress-transferal system functions poorly and fewer cells bear stress. Suberin in the outer and inner layers prevents absolute drying to maintain mechanical properties of the bark and to bear tensile stress caused by trunk diameter growth.

scholarly journals Tensile Properties of Arabidopsis Cell Walls Depend on Both a Xyloglucan Cross-Linked Microfibrillar Network and Rhamnogalacturonan II-Borate Complexes

2003 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 1033-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ryden ◽  
Keiko Sugimoto-Shirasu ◽  
Andrew Charles Smith ◽  
Kim Findlay ◽  
Wolf-Dieter Reiter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Rhamnogalacturonan Ii ◽  
Borate Complexes

scholarly journals Investigating Aspergillus nidulans secretome during colonisation of cork cell walls

2014 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 175-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Martins ◽  
Helga Garcia ◽  
Adélia Varela ◽  
Oscar Núñez ◽  
Sébastien Planchon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Nidulans ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cork Cell

Ectodesmata as Revealed By Freeze-Etch Preparations of Plant Epidermal Cell Walls

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 468-469
Author(s):  
N.C. Lyon ◽  
W. C. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Thin Sections

Schumacher and Halbsguth first demonstrated ectodesmata as pores or channels in the epidermal cell walls in haustoria of Cuscuta odorata L. by light microscopy in tissues fixed in a sublimate fixative (30% ethyl alcohol, 30 ml:glacial acetic acid, 10 ml: 65% nitric acid, 1 ml: 40% formaldehyde, 5 ml: oxalic acid, 2 g: mecuric chloride to saturation 2-3 g). Other workers have published electron micrographs of structures transversing the outer epidermal cell in thin sections of plant leaves that have been interpreted as ectodesmata. Such structures are evident following treatment with Hg++ or Ag+ salts and are only rarely observed by electron microscopy. If ectodesmata exist without such treatment, and are not artefacts, they would afford natural pathways of entry for applied foliar solutions and plant viruses.

An ultrastructural study of vegetative incompatibility in plants

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 436-437
Author(s):  
Randy Moore
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Solanum Pennellii ◽  
Initial Product ◽  
Basic Aspect ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Graft Interface ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Standard Fixation

Cell and tissue interactions are a basic aspect of eukaryotic growth and development. While cell-to-cell interactions involving recognition and incompatibility have been studied extensively in animals, there is no known antigen-antibody reaction in plants and the recognition mechanisms operating in plant grafts have been virtually neglected.An ultrastructural study of the Sedum telephoides/Solanum pennellii graft was undertaken to define possible mechanisms of plant graft incompatibility. Grafts were surgically dissected from greenhouse grown plants at various times over 1-4 weeks and prepared for EM employing variations in the standard fixation and embedding procedure. Stock and scion adhere within 6 days after grafting. Following progressive cell senescence in both Sedum and Solanum, the graft interface appears as a band of 8-11 crushed cells after 2 weeks (Fig. 1, I). Trapped between the buckled cell walls are densely staining cytoplasmic remnants and residual starch grains, an initial product of wound reactions in plants.

Comparison of Substructures Between Uniaxial and Biaxial Deformation in 1100-0 Aluminum

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 52-53
Author(s):  
D. L. Rohr ◽  
S. S. Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Strain ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Biaxial Tension ◽  
Initial Deformation ◽  
Uniaxial Deformation ◽  
Biaxial Deformation ◽  
Stress States ◽  
Comprehensive Study

As part of a comprehensive study of microstructural and mechanical response of metals to uniaxial and biaxial deformations, the development of substructure in 1100 A1 has been studied over a range of plastic strain for two stress states.Specimens of 1100 aluminum annealed at 350 C were tested in uniaxial (UT) and balanced biaxial tension (BBT) at room temperature to different strain levels. The biaxial specimens were produced by the in-plane punch stretching technique. Areas of known strain levels were prepared for TEM by lapping followed by jet electropolishing. All specimens were examined in a JEOL 200B run at 150 and 200 kV within 24 to 36 hours after testing.The development of the substructure with deformation is shown in Fig. 1 for both stress states. Initial deformation produces dislocation tangles, which form cell walls by 10% uniaxial deformation, and start to recover to form subgrains by 25%. The results of several hundred measurements of cell/subgrain sizes by a linear intercept technique are presented in Table I.

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