Spatial distribution, pollution level, and health risk of Pb in the finer dust of residential areas: a case study of Xi'an, northwest China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Yu ◽  
Xinwei Lu ◽  
Xinyao Fan ◽  
Peng Fan ◽  
Ling Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Residential Areas

scholarly journals Changes in the Socio-Economic Pattern of Spanish-American Cities With Special Reference to Colonial Town Centres

2013 ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gormsen
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
American Cities

This paper outlines some of the key changes in the spatial distribution of functions and social classes in Spanish-American cities, with Puebla, Mexico, used as a case study. Among the factors which influence the future of the cities is the changing social structure of the inner zone. Upper class families have moved into modern residential areas while their large colonial patio-houses have been transformed into lower class multi-family quarters known as vecindades.

scholarly journals Is there an equality in the spatial distribution of urban vitality: A case study of Wuhan in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 469-481
Author(s):  
Guoliang Ou ◽  
Min Zhou ◽  
Zhongping Zeng ◽  
Qingsong He ◽  
Chaohui Yin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Residential District

Abstract Urban vitality is a spatial phenomenon and a public service. Previous studies often did not measure the fairness of the accessibility of urban vitality. This research analyzed the spatial distribution of urban vitality in Wuhan as a case study area using big data from multiple sources. The study used the two-step floating catchment area method (2SFCA) to measure the accessibility level of each residential district to the vibrant zones (VZs). Furthermore, the inequality in the level of accessibility of residential areas with different housing prices was assessed on the basis of the Gini coefficient. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the Gini coefficient of reaching the accessibility level of high-grade VZs is 0.426, and the corresponding sub-high-grade Gini coefficient is 0.274. This shows that the inequality in accessibility of different residential areas is more obvious as the level of vitality is higher and (2) residential areas with high housing prices have greater accessibility than those areas with low housing prices. It was also noticed that the level of accessibility and fairness in vitality is generally higher in central urban areas than in suburban areas. The Gini coefficient of high-grade vitality is generally higher than that of sub-high-grade. The results of this study provide a reference for researching the accessibility level of urban vitality, which considers the needs of population, and can also provide guidelines in urban planning regarding the allocation of services and resources.

scholarly journals SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, POLLUTION, AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL IN INDUSTRIAL AREA SOILS OF ULAANBAATAR, MONGOLIA

2021 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B4-2021 ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
P. Oyunbat ◽  
O. Batkhishig ◽  
B. Batsaikhan ◽  
F. Lehmkuhl ◽  
M. Knippertz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metal Pollution ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Pollution Level

Abstract. The heavy metal pollution of urban soil of industrial area and its impact on human healths becoming one of the environmental problems in Ulaanbaatar city of Mongolia. The purpose of this study was to determine spatial distribution and health risk of heavy metal pollution in soils surrounding area of leather processing factory and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of Ulaanbaatar city. Mapping the spatial distribution of contaminants in soils is the basis of pollution evaluation and risk control. Interpolation methods are extensively applied in the mapping processes to estimate the heavy metal (As, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu) concentrations of topsoils. The average concentrations of Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu and As were 1986.9, 110.5, 111.0, 110.5, 53.5, 16.4 mg/kg, respectively. According to result as the soil pollution index with spatial distribution, a high pollution level for Cr while Zn, Cu and Pb have medium pollution levels. The soil pollution index (PI) values of heavy metals of study areas are, following descending orders Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Ni. The potential ecological risk of Cr, Cu, Pb, As indicated high ecological risk in the study area. The Hazard index values for almost all the metals were higher than 1, it is indicating a carcinogenic risk for children and adults. The risk index values of two metals (Cr, As) were contribute to a higher risk of development of cancer in humans. Heavy metal contamination can occur when soil particles are swept away from the initial pollution areas by the wind. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to reduce soil pollution and encourage rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Pollution Assessment and Health Risk Implication of Human Exposure to Heavy Metals in Road Dusts from Different Functional Areas in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim I. Shabbaj ◽  
Mansour A. Alghamdi ◽  
Magdy Shamy ◽  
Salwa K. Hassan ◽  
Musaab M. Alsharif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Urban Road ◽  
Functional Areas ◽  
Road Dusts

Data dealing with the assessment of heavy metal pollution in road dusts in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and its implication to human health risk of human exposure to heavy metals, are scarce. Road dusts were collected from five different functional areas (traffic areas TA, parking areas PA, residential areas RA, mixed residential commercial areas MCRA and suburban areas SA) in Jeddah and one in rural area (RUA) in Hada Al Sham. We aimed to measure the pollution levels of heavy metals and estimate their health risk of human exposure applying risk assessment models described by USEPA. Using geo-accumulation index (Igeo), the pollution level of heavy metals in urban road dusts was in the following order Cd > As > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > V > Mn > Co > Fe. Urban road dust was found to be moderately to heavily contaminated with As, Pb and Zn, and heavily to extremely contaminated with Cd. Calculation of enrichment factor (EF) revealed that heavy metals in TA had the highest values compared to that of the other functional areas. Cd, As, Pb, Zn and Cu were severely enriched, while Mn, V, Co, Ni and Cr were moderately enriched. Fe was consider as a natural element and consequently excluded. The concentrations of heavy metals in road dusts of functional areas were in the following order: TA > PA > MCRA > SA > RA > RUA. The study revealed that both children and adults in all studied areas having health quotient (HQ) < 1 are at negligible non-carcinogenic risk. The only exception was for children exposed to As in TA. They had an ingestion health quotient (HQing) 1.18 and a health index (HI) 1.19. The most prominent exposure route was ingestion. The cancer risk for children and adults from exposure to Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, and Cr was found to be negligible (< 1 x 10-6).

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