Internal (blue) water footprint of municipal consumption: a case study for Turkey

The aim of this research was to assess the water footprint level of Thai banana production. Firstly, the water consumption inventory of banana production was developed. The water consumptions in the banana farms and a case study of banana industry were collected based on the inventory. The results showed that the water consumption of banana plantation was 842.02 m3 including 443.50 m3 of green water, 398.52 m3 of blue water and not found grey water. Moreover, 1638.59 m3/rai was found in the one rai of banana plantation consisted of 863.06 m3/rai of green water and 775.53 m3/rai of blue water. From the finding of this study, the reduction approach of water footprint for banana production should be the reduction of watering the plant in the process of banana growing.

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Assessment of Water Footprint in Selected Crops: A State Level Appraisal

10.21523/gcj5.17010102 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 11-25

Author(s):

Mohammad Suhail

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Large Fraction ◽

State Level ◽

Soil Survey ◽

National Bureau ◽

Blue Water ◽

Total Water Consumption ◽

Balanced Approach ◽

Green Component

Every commodity or goods has intake of water i.e. either in processing or furnished stage. Thus, the present study propensities macro-level (states-level) water footprint (WFP) assessment of selected eight crops namely, Wheat, Barley, Maize, Millets, Rice, Sorghum, Soybeans and Tea. The aim of present research is to assess water use in selected crops at field level. In addition, the spatial evaluation at state level also considered as one of the significant objective to understand regional disparity and/or similarly. Methodology and approach of assessment was adopted from Water Footprint Assessment Manual (2011). Data was collected from state Agricultural Directorate, National Bureau of Soil Survey and landuse, published reports and online database such as FAOSTAT, WMO, WFN, and agriculture census. Results show that green component of WFP contributes large fraction as about 72 percent, while blue and grey component amounted of about 19 and 9 percent of the total water consumption, respectively. Moreover, spatial variability of blue, green and grey among the states assimilated by soil regime and climate barriers. Supply of blue water is high where the region imparted to semi-arid or arid land. Consequently, a balanced approach between green and blue water use has been recommended in the present study to address increasing water demand in the future.

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Assessment of water footprint for crop production: a case study in North China

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/831/1/012047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 831 (1) ◽

pp. 012047

Author(s):

Chunxiao Wang ◽

Jing Zhao ◽

Baochuan Tian

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

North China ◽

Water Footprint

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Water footprint assessment of gold refining: Case study based on life cycle assessment

Ecological Indicators ◽

10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107319 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 122 ◽

pp. 107319

Author(s):

Wei Chen ◽

Jinglan Hong ◽

Chengxin Wang ◽

Lu Sun ◽

Tianzuo Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Gold Refining

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Agro-economic and socio-environmental assessments of food and virtual water trades of Iran

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-93928-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fatemeh Karandish ◽

Hamideh Nouri ◽

Marcela Brugnach

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Crop Production ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Virtual Water ◽

Environmental Indicators ◽

Blue Water ◽

Water Crisis ◽

Food Trade ◽

Water Limitations

AbstractEnding hunger and ensuring food security are among targets of 2030’s SDGs. While food trade and the embedded (virtual) water (VW) may improve food availability and accessibility for more people all year round, the sustainability and efficiency of food and VW trade needs to be revisited. In this research, we assess the sustainability and efficiency of food and VW trades under two food security scenarios for Iran, a country suffering from an escalating water crisis. These scenarios are (1) Individual Crop Food Security (ICFS), which restricts calorie fulfillment from individual crops and (2) Crop Category Food Security (CCFS), which promotes “eating local” by suggesting food substitution within the crop category. To this end, we simulate the water footprint and VW trades of 27 major crops, within 8 crop categories, in 30 provinces of Iran (2005–2015). We investigate the impacts of these two scenarios on (a) provincial food security (FSp) and exports; (b) sustainable and efficient blue water consumption, and (c) blue VW export. We then test the correlation between agro-economic and socio-environmental indicators and provincial food security. Our results show that most provinces were threatened by unsustainable and inefficient blue water consumption for crop production, particularly in the summertime. This water mismanagement results in 14.41 and 8.45 billion m3 y−1 unsustainable and inefficient blue VW exports under ICFS. “Eating local” improves the FSp value by up to 210% which lessens the unsustainable and inefficient blue VW export from hotspots. As illustrated in the graphical abstract, the FSp value strongly correlates with different agro-economic and socio-environmental indicators, but in different ways. Our findings promote “eating local” besides improving agro-economic and socio-environmental conditions to take transformative steps toward eradicating food insecurity not only in Iran but also in other countries facing water limitations.

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Assessment of national water footprint versus water availability - Case study for Egypt

Alexandria Engineering Journal ◽

10.1016/j.aej.2020.12.038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 3577-3585

Author(s):

Mohamed ElFetyany ◽

Hanan Farag ◽

Samah H. Abd El Ghany

Keyword(s):

Water Availability ◽

Water Footprint ◽

National Water

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A spatially detailed blue water footprint of the United States economy

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-22-3007-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 3007-3032 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Richard R. Rushforth ◽

Benjamin L. Ruddell

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Virtual Water ◽

The United States ◽

Energy Information Administration ◽

Blue Water ◽

Consumptive Use ◽

The Us ◽

Per Capita

Abstract. This paper quantifies and maps a spatially detailed and economically complete blue water footprint for the United States, utilizing the National Water Economy Database version 1.1 (NWED). NWED utilizes multiple mesoscale (county-level) federal data resources from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), the US Department of Transportation (USDOT), the US Department of Energy (USDOE), and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to quantify water use, economic trade, and commodity flows to construct this water footprint. Results corroborate previous studies in both the magnitude of the US water footprint (F) and in the observed pattern of virtual water flows. Four virtual water accounting scenarios were developed with minimum (Min), median (Med), and maximum (Max) consumptive use scenarios and a withdrawal-based scenario. The median water footprint (FCUMed) of the US is 181 966 Mm3 (FWithdrawal: 400 844 Mm3; FCUMax: 222 144 Mm3; FCUMin: 61 117 Mm3) and the median per capita water footprint (FCUMed′) of the US is 589 m3 per capita (FWithdrawal′: 1298 m3 per capita; FCUMax′: 720 m3 per capita; FCUMin′: 198 m3 per capita). The US hydroeconomic network is centered on cities. Approximately 58 % of US water consumption is for direct and indirect use by cities. Further, the water footprint of agriculture and livestock is 93 % of the total US blue water footprint, and is dominated by irrigated agriculture in the western US. The water footprint of the industrial, domestic, and power economic sectors is centered on population centers, while the water footprint of the mining sector is highly dependent on the location of mineral resources. Owing to uncertainty in consumptive use coefficients alone, the mesoscale blue water footprint uncertainty ranges from 63 to over 99 % depending on location. Harmonized region-specific, economic-sector-specific consumption coefficients are necessary to reduce water footprint uncertainties and to better understand the human economy's water use impact on the hydrosphere.

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