scholarly journals Subsidizing unit donations: matches, rebates, and discounts compared

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Diederich ◽  
Catherine C. Eckel ◽  
Raphael Epperson ◽  
Timo Goeschl ◽  
Philip J. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Additional Consideration ◽  
Online Experiment

AbstractAn influential result in the literature on charitable giving is that matching subsidies dominate rebate subsidies in raising funds. We investigate whether this result extends to “unit donation” schemes, a popular alternative form of soliciting donations. There, the donors’ choices are over the number of units of a charitable good to fund at a given unit price, rather than the amount of money to give. Comparing matches and rebates as well as simple discounts on the unit price, we find no evidence of dominance in our online experiment: the three subsidy types are equally effective overall. At a more disaggregated level, rebates lead to a higher likelihood of giving, while matching and discount subsidies lead to larger donations by donors. This suggests that charities using a unit donation scheme enjoy additional degrees of freedom in choosing a subsidy type. Rebates merit additional consideration if the primary goal is to attract donors.

scholarly journals A Generalized Learning Curve Adapted for Purchasing and Cost Reduction Negotiations

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lam F. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Learning Curve ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Learning Rate ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Chain Organization ◽  
Purchase Quantity

This paper presents the use and validation of a generalized learning curve in the economies of scale purchasing experience. The model, based on Wright’s curve, incorporates two extra degrees of freedom to accommodate initial purchases of multiple (instead of single) units and a finite asymptotic price at high volumes. The study shows that each time the part purchase quantity is doubled, the price is reduced either by a constant percentage (a learning rate) or by an approach to an asymptotic plateau rate indicating a point of diminishing returns. Supplier price quotations at multiple purchase quantities were obtained for a pool of 17 critical parts. The data were fitted with the generalized learning curve by the method of least squares regression. The regressed learning rate, first unit price, and the asymptotic price can be used to infer supplier pricing strategies. Coupled with a “should-cost” analysis based on estimates of standard time and material, a system cost reduction task was carried out by the supply chain organization.

scholarly journals Foldable Hexagonal Structures Based on the Threefold-Symmetric Bricard Linkage

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fufu Yang ◽  
Zhong You ◽  
Yan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Geometric Conditions ◽  
Foldable Structures ◽  
Motion Paths ◽  
Set Up

Abstract The threefold-symmetric Bricard linkage, a special type of Bricard linkage, is able to generate spatial motion in 3D space with well-defined threefold rotational symmetries and three symmetric planes, which makes it a robust base linkage in designing many one-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) foldable structures. However, its practical applications are limited, as the design method with the consideration of the actual assembly is still an ambiguous area. In this paper, a foldable hexagonal structure based on the alternative form of the threefold-symmetric Bricard linkage is designed and manufactured. Geometric conditions for achieving the desired deployment are analyzed at first. Then the relationship among kinematic variables of the linkage and the geometric parameters of physical bars with a regular triangular cross-section are set up. Finally, an intuitive approach is presented to detect two types of physical blockages in the motion paths of deployment. The proposed method supplies a convenient way to design foldable hexagonal structures for potential practical applications.

The motion of a lunar orbiter

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
Y. Kozai
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Artificial Satellite ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Triaxial Ellipsoid ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Secular Motion ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Close Satellite ◽  
The Mean

The motion of an artificial satellite around the Moon is much more complicated than that around the Earth, since the shape of the Moon is a triaxial ellipsoid and the effect of the Earth on the motion is very important even for a very close satellite.The differential equations of motion of the satellite are written in canonical form of three degrees of freedom with time depending Hamiltonian. By eliminating short-periodic terms depending on the mean longitude of the satellite and by assuming that the Earth is moving on the lunar equator, however, the equations are reduced to those of two degrees of freedom with an energy integral.Since the mean motion of the Earth around the Moon is more rapid than the secular motion of the argument of pericentre of the satellite by a factor of one order, the terms depending on the longitude of the Earth can be eliminated, and the degree of freedom is reduced to one.Then the motion can be discussed by drawing equi-energy curves in two-dimensional space. According to these figures satellites with high inclination have large possibilities of falling down to the lunar surface even if the initial eccentricities are very small.The principal properties of the motion are not changed even if plausible values ofJ3andJ4of the Moon are included.This paper has been published in Publ. astr. Soc.Japan15, 301, 1963.

Representing utility and deploying the body

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spurrett
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
The Many

Abstract Comprehensive accounts of resource-rational attempts to maximise utility shouldn't ignore the demands of constructing utility representations. This can be onerous when, as in humans, there are many rewarding modalities. Another thing best not ignored is the processing demands of making functional activity out of the many degrees of freedom of a body. The target article is almost silent on both.

A Review of 21 iPad Applications for Augmentative and Alternative Communication Purposes

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Alliano ◽  
Kimberly Herriger ◽  
Anthony D. Koutsoftas ◽  
Theresa E. Bartolotta
Keyword(s):  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Text To Speech ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
Expressive Communication ◽  
Communication Needs ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Ipad Applications

Abstract Using the iPad tablet for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) purposes can facilitate many communicative needs, is cost-effective, and is socially acceptable. Many individuals with communication difficulties can use iPad applications (apps) to augment communication, provide an alternative form of communication, or target receptive and expressive language goals. In this paper, we will review a collection of iPad apps that can be used to address a variety of receptive and expressive communication needs. Based on recommendations from Gosnell, Costello, and Shane (2011), we describe the features of 21 apps that can serve as a reference guide for speech-language pathologists. We systematically identified 21 apps that use symbols only, symbols and text-to-speech, and text-to-speech only. We provide descriptions of the purpose of each app, along with the following feature descriptions: speech settings, representation, display, feedback features, rate enhancement, access, motor competencies, and cost. In this review, we describe these apps and how individuals with complex communication needs can use them for a variety of communication purposes and to target a variety of treatment goals. We present information in a user-friendly table format that clinicians can use as a reference guide.

Das Experten-Novizen-Paradigma und die Vertrauenskrise in der Psychologie

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Furley ◽  
Karsten Schul ◽  
Daniel Memmert
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom

Zusammenfassung. Das Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrages ist es anhand eines vielverwendeten Paradigmas in der Sportwissenschaft – dem Experten-Novizen-Vergleich – zu prüfen, ob die momentane Vertrauenskrise in der Psychologie ebenfalls die Sportpsychologie betreffen könnte. Anhand einer exemplarischen Studie zeigen wir, dass es innerhalb dieses Paradigmas zu kontroversen Befunden kommt, welche durch die vermuteten Ursachen der Vertrauenskrise (Researcher Degrees of Freedom, kleine Stichprobengrößen) erklärt sein könnten. Zusätzlich argumentieren wir, dass weitere Faktoren (Konfundierung, Stichprobengrößen, Rosenthal Effekt, Expertise-Definition) innerhalb dieses Paradigmas die Reproduzierbarkeit von Erkenntnissen in Frage stellen. Wir diskutieren mögliche Maßnahmen, wie die dargestellten Probleme des Experten-Novizen-Paradigmas in zukünftigen Forschungsarbeiten gelöst werden können.

Combining Defaults and Transparency Information to Increase Policy Compliance

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yavor Paunov ◽  
Michaela Wänke ◽  
Tobias Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Independent Effect ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
Policy Compliance ◽  
Empirical Question ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

Abstract. Combining the strengths of defaults and transparency information is a potentially powerful way to induce policy compliance. Despite negative theoretical predictions, a recent line of research revealed that default nudges may become more effective if people are informed why they should exhibit the targeted behavior. Yet, it is an open empirical question whether the increase in compliance came from setting a default and consequently disclosing it, or the provided information was sufficient to deliver the effect on its own. Results from an online experiment indicate that both defaulting and transparency information exert a statistically independent effect on compliance, with highest compliance rates observed in the combined condition. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Effects of Light-Hearted and Serious Entertainment on Enjoyment of the First and Third Person

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Hofer
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Media Consumption ◽  
First Person ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
Entertainment Media ◽  
Third Person Effect ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Perceived Enjoyment ◽  
The Third Person

Abstract. This was a study on the perceived enjoyment of different movie genres. In an online experiment, 176 students were randomly divided into two groups (n = 88) and asked to estimate how much they, their closest friends, and young people in general enjoyed either serious or light-hearted movies. These self–other differences in perceived enjoyment of serious or light-hearted movies were also assessed as a function of differing individual motivations underlying entertainment media consumption. The results showed a clear third-person effect for light-hearted movies and a first-person effect for serious movies. The third-person effect for light-hearted movies was moderated by level of hedonic motivation, as participants with high hedonic motivations did not perceive their own and others’ enjoyment of light-hearted films differently. However, eudaimonic motivations did not moderate first-person perceptions in the case of serious films.

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