The Development of the Concept of Social Capital

Social capital is assumed as an alternative form of other modalities. Theoretically, there is a debate about social capital leading to social relations. The debate relates to the conceptualization of social capital as concrete capital where individuals or groups are able to utilize social relations including values, social networks and trust to obtain economic benefits and social benefits. Using a qualitative approach with a literature study method, this article aims to explain social capital as a theoretical concept. The presentation of the study shows that there is a relationship between social capital and inclusiveness and community empowerment, especially in the context of sustainable inclusive development. This article concludes that the concept of social capital serves as a useful framework for successful development and policy formulation.

Virtual and Space Tourism as New Trends in Travelling at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The first European COVID-19 infection was recorded in February 2020, and Poland followed in mid-March. Restrictions were imposed on traveling between states and using public space. These movement restrictions forced a search for new, often innovative, forms of tourism. Google Earth virtual reality (VR), Google Street View, and the Chernobyl VR Project are just some of the selected opportunities to create virtual tours. Different activities using VR mean that people can experience the illusion of travelling in time and space, outside of their everyday surroundings, in a digitally constructed three-dimensional (3D) environment, for cognition or entertainment. Therefore, this study aimed to present virtual and space tourism as new traveling trends during various crise,s such as health, economic, etc. A diagnostic survey with a developed questionnaire was conducted in June and July 2021 in Poland. A total of 564 fully answered responses were collected from randomly selected respondents. We found that around 82% of Polish people were aware of VR technology, and 70% believed that new technologies determine VR tourism development. VR presents the possibility of travelling to places that no longer exist in their original form, but have been reconstructed only in VR. Around 75% of the respondents agreed that VR tourism plays an essential role in tourism promotion in Poland and throughout the world. Moreover, VR and augmented tourism lets us visit fictitious and dangerous, politically restricted, and geographically as well as economically difficult destinations. For example, our results revealed that many people want to experience North Korea, the USA, Antarctica, Syria, etc. At the same time, people recommended the NASA space station as a visiting destination using VR and augmented reality. VR offers an alternative form of tourism during crises and pandemics such as COVID-19. We found over 26% of the respondents were satisfied with contemporary tourists’ cognitional needs during VR sightseeing. More than 87% of the respondents believed that VR tourism cannot substitute real-world tourism in the long run. However, VR tourism will be more beneficial for developing countries facing difficulties in economic aspects, and easier than attaining visas to enter developed countries. Furthermore, virtual sightseeing may also constitute an alternative for people who are disabled or sick, and who cannot undertake the effort of active tourism and explore tourist resources of the world on their own.

Resisting the Tide: The Roles of Ideology in Sustaining Alternative Organizing at a Self-managed Cooperative

This paper examines how organizational ideology can be collectively mobilized to sustain an alternative organizational form—a self-managed cooperative—in resistance to institutional prescriptions perceived as hostile. Based on an ethnographic study of the Venezuelan cooperative Cecosesola, we identify three roles through which ideology enables the reproduction of the alternative form over time: ideology as a mobilizing normative framework to justify resistance; as a cultural-cognitive framework to engage members and integrate them into the resistance project; and as a regulatory framework ensuring member compliance. However, we find that in parallel with sustaining self-management as an alternative form, mobilizing ideology may also paradoxically entail costs in terms of individual sacrifices, exclusion of members and reduction of group heterogeneity, leading to the creation of an authoritarian system. These findings shed light on the ideological drivers of institutional resistance and bring new insights to understand the challenge of sustaining self-management and other alternative organizational forms within a hostile institutional context.

Q Methodology

Q methodology is a research method that focuses systematically on people's internal and subjective viewpoints. Since its introduction as an alternative form of data collection and analysis, Q methodology has been utilized in various fields of study. However, although its use would enable an enriched understanding of individuals' subjective accounts of reality, it has not been fully exploited yet, and the use of it is still in its infancy. Thus, sparked off by the scarcity of interest in the use of Q methodology, this chapter attempts to provide an overview of this research method with a specific reference to what it is and how it is implemented. The chapter concludes with an example of a recent Q study for illustrative purposes. It is believed that this account is of relevance for researchers in various fields of study with its focus on Q methodology, which is an underutilized but a valuable tool to gain deeper insights into subjective realities experienced by individuals.

Contemporary Populist Representation and Its Implications for Democracy

This chapter aims to shed light on the connections between populism, democracy, and democratic theory by providing a theoretical assessment of contemporary populism and populist representation as an alternative form of political representation to party government or as a corrective of it. The chapter summarizes the conceptual background relating to democracies, populism, and contextual surroundings. Then, it proceeds to investigate how they relate to each other in present-day politics. The author argues that populism is a strategic political style that exploits the gap between the promise and the actual performance of democracies thus reflects on democratic reality. Hence, it embodies what realist democratic theory has argued for quite some time now about the nature of politics. Namely: voters are irrational, our notions of democracy are delusional and populist politicians seem to have realized it first..

KONSEP DEFERRED PROSECUTION AGREEMENT (DPA) DALAM PERTANGGUNG-JAWABAN PIDANA KORPORASI SEBAGAI BENTUK ALTERNATIF PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA

Corporate prosecution through formal prosecution is considered to be able to destroy the corporation. If possible, the punishment of the corporation should not cause the corporation to go bankrupt and go bankrupt. The entanglement of corporations in criminal law does not only occur in Indonesia, in the world several phenomenal big cases have disrupted the company's health, which has impacted the company to make efficient by closing several of its subsidiaries and automatically downsizing the number of employees, namely the case that happen to Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (AG) and Volks Wagen (VW). To minimize the bankruptcy of corporations as a result of being convicted, several countries apply the Deferred Prosecution Agreement. The Deferred Prosecution Agreement is an alternative form of dispute resolution carried out outside the court. The author wants to know how the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the Deferred Prosecution Agreement if it is applied in Indonesia by using a conceptual approach and a comparative approach to the application of the Deferred Prosecution Agreement in England and America, to produce the concept of implementing the Deferred Prosecution Agreement in Indonesia. The results of the author's research, the concept of setting up a Deferred Prosecution Agreement at least contains: 1) Corporate approval for cooperation, 2) Process supervision by Judges, 3) Determining the term of the agreement, 4) Standard agreement clauses, 5) Considerations for the use of deferred prosecution agreement only for certain cases. However, we also need to know the advantages and disadvantages of this Deferred Prosecution Agreement concept if applied in Indonesia. The advantages are: 1) The company's reputation and trust are maintained, 2) Minimizes corporate bankruptcy, 3) Shorten, simple and low-cost case resolution, 4) Prosecutors are given the power to regulate the contents of the agreement. Weaknesses: 1) Prone to abuse of authority, 2) Need to make special rules (Lex Specialis). The author suggests that if you apply the concept of the Deferred Prosecution Agreement to corporate crimes, the attorney general should make regulations that regulate the guidelines for the implementation of the Deferred Prosecution Agreement and the standard operating procedures of the prosecutor dealing with the Deferred Prosecution Agreement. If supervision is needed, it is necessary to make special rules regarding the Supervisory Board.

Living Arrangements of Older Persons: Analysis of the Activities of Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation

The growth of the number of older persons makes it necessary to create decent favourable conditions for their lives and activities, which contributes to forming the basis for their active longevity. Nowadays, in order to solve this kind of problems, an alternative form of social service, a «foster family for older persons» is widespread in many constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Legal relations in a foster family are regulated by the rules of different branches of law. The leading role is played by the legal framework of the constituent entities. Meanwhile, one can observe a lack of consistency in defining terms and notions, as there is no legal definition of a «foster family for an older person» in the federal legislation. The purpose of the research is to establish regional similarity in documents and to find possible solutions of the problems that arise when implementing this kind of social assistance in the Irkutsk region. The content analysis conducted by the author allowed her to study the regulatory framework of the activities of foster families for older persons; to consider the options for naming the alternative form of service and its main notions; assess social demographic characteristics of people that create a foster family; to define the main conditions for creating a foster family. According to the results of the research, key directions of the activities, aimed at improving regional regulatory legal acts, are identified, organizational events, aimed at providing a possibility for older persons to stay in habitual family conditions as long as possible, are programmed. The obtained conclusions can be used to formulate regulations of the federal legislation on foster families for older persons and other regulatory legal acts and methodological documents of both federal and regional levels, which, in the future, could reduce the number of problems that arise when implementing this kind of social assistance for older persons in constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Regulation of Ordinary Partnership under Ethiopian Law: A Comparative Analysis of Selected Legal Issues with the French Civil Partnership and the Thai Ordinary Partnership Regimes

Civil/ordinary partnerships as non-commercial entities play a vital role as an alternative form of doing business in various jurisdictions. Though the issue of where they should be regulated is becoming nonsensical in recent times, it is wise to have a well-structured legal framework which regulates these entities. This article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the regulation of Ethiopia’s ordinary partnership with the French civil code partnership and the Thai ordinary partnership only on issues of formation, transfer of share, management, liability of partners, dissolution of partnership, distribution of profit and loss, and expulsion of a partner. The comparative analysis shows that in many areas of regulation, the Ethiopian law has more commonalities with that of Thai ordinary partnership and French civil code partnership legal regimes. This article also finds that the Ethiopian law of ordinary partnership ought to be improved as regards the issues of the transfer of shares related to ascendants and descendants, on the distribution of profits and losses, on the role of partners in a dissolution of the partnership, and on the expulsion of a partner.

Using of cryptocurrency in the sphere of the hotel and restaurant state to tourism

The article explores the use of cryptocurrencies in hotels, restaurants and the tourism industry. Analyzed the legislative aspects that regulate the turnover of cryptocurrencies. In the course of the research, a monographic and abstract-logical method was used (to substantiate the importance of using cryptocurrencies in the hospitality industry and the advantages of implementing a Blockchain system), in addition, methods of comparison, analogy, analysis, synthesis and generalization were used to reveal the content of basic concepts and terms. Today, modern digital currency is presented as an alternative form of money, however, in many countries, operations with cryptocurrency are prohibited in the banking system. In Ukraine, a procedure has been established for declaring cryptocurrencies, where bitcoins are an intangible asset. The Securities and Exchange Commission is starting to develop new tax legislation that aims to legitimize this type of currency. The hospitality industry is especially active in adopting new technologies. Cryptocurrencies allow consumers to pay for services electronically anonymously without the need to use banking institutions. The most popular among all cryptocurrencies is Bitcoin. The first tangible growth in bitcoins occurred precisely in the field of restaurant management due to the purchase of pizza on one of the forums. Today hundreds of restaurants and cafes around the world accept cryptocurrency payments. Blockchain benefits include cost efficiency, standardization, and secure communications. Data such as manufacturer ID and production date is hashed and stored in the Blockchain. Each organization in the supply chain, after receiving the product, adds its unique identifier and the corresponding blockchain date. Cryptocurrency is a very convenient way to pay for goods and services. More and more restaurant establishments are allowing crypto payments. This prompts the authorities of the countries to develop regulatory documents that contribute to the legalization of such transactions, not only in the field of hospitality.

The characteristics and roles of antimicrobial peptides as potential treatment for antibiotic-resistant pathogens: a review

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a significant and ever-increasing threat to global public health, increasing both morbidity and mortality rates, and the financial burden on health services. Infection by drug-resistant bacteria is anticipated to contribute to the demise of almost 10 million people by the year 2050 unless a competent and effective response is devised to engage with this issue. The emergence and spread of resistance are commonly caused by the excessive or inappropriate use of antibiotics and substandard pharmaceuticals. It arises when pathogens adapt to different conditions and develop self-defence mechanisms. Currently, novel antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been reported to be the sole cure for some clinical cases of infectious diseases such as sepsis and skin infections, although these agents may, on occasion, require administration together with an adjunctive low-dose antibiotic. Although AMPs are a promising alternative form of anti-microbial therapy and easily applied in the medical sector, they still have limitations that should not be taken lightly. Hence, this review explores the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of AMPs for their potential in treating antibiotic-resistant pathogens.