Genetic diversity of Bolivian wild potato germplasm: changes during ex situ conservation management and comparisons with resampled in situ populations

Melaleuca deanei F.Muell. is a rare, serotinous shrub with a naturally restricted distribution centred over the sandstone ridges around Sydney. Sexual reproduction and seedling recruitment occur rarely, and plants appear to spread and persist largely by clonal root suckering. A potentially outcrossing breeding system, combined with extensive clonality, place M. deanei at a high risk of reproductive failure. Knowledge of the extent of its clonality and breeding system, and an understanding of the distribution and abundance of genetic diversity within and among its populations, will assist conservation management. The present study reports on the extent of clonality, breeding system, levels of genetic diversity, and population differentiation within small, medium and large populations of M. deanei from the northern and southern distribution regions. Multiple stems were found to comprise single genets up to ~10 m diameter on the ground and molecular evidence points to an outcrossing breeding system. Genetic diversity was positively correlated with population size and significant genetic differentiation was shown between northern and southern regions using clustering analyses. Recommendations for in situ and ex situ conservation management based on these results are provided.

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Conservation of genetic diversity in Mediterranean endemic species: Arenaria balearica (Caryophyllaceae)

Plant Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.5091/plecevo.2020.1690 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 153 (3) ◽

pp. 348-360

Author(s):

Javier Bobo-Pinilla ◽

Noemí López-González ◽

Julio Peñas

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Endangered Species ◽

Endemic Species ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Disjunct Distribution ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Rocky Habitats

Background – Biodiversity loss is a problem that needs to be urgently addressed, particularly with the uncertainties of climate change. Current conservation policies principally focus on endangered species but they often give little consideration to the evolutionary processes, genetic diversity, or the rarity of non-endangered species. Endemic species occurring in rocky habitats that are undergoing exceptional habitat loss appear to be one of the most important candidates for conservation. The aim is to establish in situ and ex situ conservation recommendations for the Mediterranean endemic species Arenaria balearica.Material and methods – Arenaria balearica is a species endemic to the Mediterranean with a disjunct distribution range throughout Majorca, Corsica, Sardinia, and other small Tyrrhenian islands. A combination of molecular techniques (AFLPs and plastid DNA) was employed to determine genetic diversity and rarity across populations and to calculate the Relevant Genetic Units for Conservation (RGUCs). Moreover, Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were developed to assess the potential current distribution and the expected situation under future climatic scenarios.Key results – To preserve the genetic diversity and rarity of the species, in situ conservation is proposed for six populations as RGUCs. Moreover, as the RGUCs can only account for a part of the phylogeographic signal, ex situ conservation is also suggested for some additional populations. According to the results, the habitat suitability in the 2050 scenario is limited and suitable areas for A. balearica could have disappeared by 2070. Therefore, the persistence of the species could be in danger in a short period of time and conservation planning becomes necessary.

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Analysis of the wild potato germplasm of the series Acaulia with AFLPs: implications for ex situ conservation

Theoretical and Applied Genetics ◽

10.1007/s001220200018 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 104 (1) ◽

pp. 146-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

C. E. McGregor ◽

R. van Treuren ◽

R. Hoekstra ◽

Th. J. L. van Hintum

Keyword(s):

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Wild Potato ◽

Potato Germplasm

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Genetic consequences of in situ and ex situ conservation of forest trees

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc68720-6 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 68 (6) ◽

pp. 720-729 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Rong-Cai Yang ◽

Francis C. Yeh

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

In Situ Conservation ◽

Tree Improvement ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Forest Trees ◽

Natural Forests ◽

Population Establishment ◽

Loss Of Genetic Diversity

To counteract loss of genetic diversity crucial for current and future tree improvement, tree breeders have conserved forest genetic resources in situ in their natural ecosystems in protected areas or ex situ in plantations, seed orchards, and breeding arboreta. This article reviews the genetic consequences of these two conservation methods in terms of single-locus and multilocus population structure from electrophoretic studies of natural forests and breeding populations. Although natural forest populations have maintained high level of genetic diversity and exhibited low level of population differentiation, loss of genetic diversity would occur during the entire conservation process, from population establishment to management of breeding and production populations. Since forest trees are still at their earliest stage of domestication in Canada, loss of genetic diversity comes primarily from the initial sampling process during population establishment. We discuss the optimal sampling strategy during population establishment to conserve common and widespread alleles, common and localized alleles, rare and widespread alleles, and rare and localized alleles. We also discuss three methods for studying the multilocus structure of forest trees and show how such information would be useful for conserving co-adapted gene complexes. We conclude that being small and maintained in controlled environments, ex situ conserved populations would retain less genetic diversity than in situ conserved forest populations. While ex situ conservation is operationally convenient for the short-term gains in tree improvement, we believe in situ conservation is essential for renewing the genetic diversity to meet the changing environments of an uncertain future.

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Characterization of trees, fruits and genetic diversity in natural populations of mangaba

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/1413-70542017413048416 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 255-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ana Veruska Cruz da Silva ◽

Julie Anne Espíndola Amorim ◽

Marina Ferreira da Vitória ◽

Ana da Silva Ledo ◽

Allivia Rouse Carregosa Rabbani

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Economic Potential ◽

Conservation Actions ◽

Selection Of ◽

Issr Primers

ABSTRACT The state of Sergipe is the largest mangaba producer, which is a fruit native to Brazil, and has cultural, social and economic importance in its area of occurrence. It is an endangered species due to human actions, and despite its economic potential, there are still no commercial plantations. The study was carried out in order to characterize trees, fruits and the genetic diversity of natural populations of mangaba in Sergipe, Brazil. Fruits from Abaís Beach/Estância (AB) presented, on average, twice the vitamin C content (414.81 mg of vit. C/100g), when compared with the others. The use of ISSR primers was efficient in estimating the genetic similarity of populations. The primers clustered the populations of mangaba according to their origin, which indicates the genetic diversity of mangaba and their isolation. The results can be used to guide the selection of individuals in situ and ex situ conservation actions of these genetic resources.

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Status of the Ex Situ and In Situ Conservation of Brazilian Crop Wild Relatives of Rice, Potato, Sweet Potato, and Finger Millet: Filling the Gaps of Germplasm Collections

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040638 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 638

Author(s):

Marcelo B. Medeiros ◽

José F. M. Valls ◽

Aluana G. Abreu ◽

Gustavo Heiden ◽

Suelma Ribeiro-Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Finger Millet ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Gap Analysis ◽

In Situ Conservation ◽

Germplasm Collection ◽

Crop Wild Relatives ◽

Wild Relatives ◽

Ex Situ ◽

The Status

This study presents the status of ex situ and in situ conservation for the crop wild relatives of rice, potato, sweet potato, and finger millet in Brazil, and the subsequent germplasm collection expeditions. This research is part of a global initiative entitled “Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting, and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives” supported by the Global Crop Diversity Trust. Species of the primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools with occurrences reported in Brazil were included: Oryza alta Swallen, O. grandiglumis (Döll) Prod., O. latifolia Desv., O. glumaepatula Steud., Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Lam., E. indica (L.) Gaertn., Solanum commersonii Dunal, S. chacoense Bitter, Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O’Donell, I. ramosissima (Poir.) Choisy, I. tiliacea (Willd.) Choisy, I. triloba L., and I. cynanchifolia Meisn. The status of the ex situ and in situ conservation of each taxon was assessed using the gap analysis methodology, and the results were used to plan 16 germplasm collection expeditions. Seeds of the collected material were evaluated for viability, and the protocols for seed germination and cryopreservation were tested. The final conservation score, resulting from the gap analysis and including the average of the ex situ and in situ scores, resulted in a classification of medium priority of conservation for all the species, with the exception of I. grandifolia (high priority). The total accessions collected (174) almost doubled the total accessions of these crop wild relatives incorporated in Embrapa’s ex situ conservation system prior to 2015. In addition, accessions for practically absent species were collected for the ex situ conservation system, such as Ipomoea species, Eleusine indica, and Solanum chacoense. The methods used for dormancy breaking and low temperature conservation for the Oryza, Eleusine, and Ipomoea species were promising for the incorporation of accessions in the respective gene banks. The results show the importance of efforts to collect and conserve ex situ crop wild relatives in Brazil based on previous gap analysis. The complementarity with the in situ strategy also appears to be very promising in the country.

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Conservation and Change: A Comparison of In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Jala Maize Germplasm

Crop Science ◽

10.2135/cropsci2005.06-0116 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 428-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Elizabeth B. Rice ◽

Margaret E. Smith ◽

Sharon E. Mitchell ◽

Stephen Kresovich

Keyword(s):

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Maize Germplasm

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In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation of Coconut Genetic Resources

Coconut Biotechnology: Towards the Sustainability of the ‘Tree of Life’ ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-44988-9_4 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 51-75

Author(s):

Roland Bourdeix ◽

Steve Adkins ◽

Vincent Johnson ◽

Lalith Perera ◽

Sisunandar

Keyword(s):

Genetic Resources ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Ex Situ

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Ex situ conservation of genetic resources of field elm (Ulmus minor Mill) and European white elm (Ulmus laevis Pall)

Genetika ◽

10.2298/gensr0403221a ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 221-227

Author(s):

Jelena Aleksic ◽

Sasa Orlovic

Keyword(s):

Genetic Resources ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Ex Situ ◽

In Vitro Production ◽

Ulmus Minor ◽

Conservation Of Genetic Resources ◽

Ulmus Laevis ◽

Vitro Production

Principles of the conservation of genetic resources of elms (Ulmus spp) do not differ fundamentally from the general principles accepted for the conservation of genetic resources of other common Noble Hardwoods. Efficient conservation can best be achieved through appropriate combination of in situ and ex situ methods, which have distinct advantages. Besides that, ex situ conservation is employed when emergency measures are needed for rare endangered populations and when populations are too small to be managed in situ (e.g. risks of genetic drift and inbreeding). The aim of our research is ex situ conservation of genetic resources of field elm {Ulmus minor Mill) and European white elm (Ulmus laevis Pall) through establishment of field genebanks. Sampling was conducted in one population of field elm and one population of white elm. Plant material (buds) from 8 trees of field elm and 10 trees of white elm was used for in vitro production of clones. Obtained clones will be used for establishment of field genebanks on the experimental estate of the Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment.

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AUTOCHTHONOUS BREEDS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND CONSERVATION MEASURES

AGROFOR ◽

10.7251/agreng2101127m ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zoran MALETIC

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Conservation Strategy ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Animal Genetic Resources ◽

Diversity Preservation ◽

The Republic ◽

International Conventions

Recently, highly productive breeds of various species of domestic animals have been used in livestock production, which has resulted in the destruction of indigenous breeds of domestic animals around the world, even in our area. This is the first reason why indigenous races and strains have been endangered. Another reason is that domestic, indigenous breeds were crossed with specialized breeds, which were imported, and in that way their genetic diversity was negatively affected. Resistance is lost, adaptation to the conditions in which they were created, the ability to survive in nature. Indigenous breeds of different species of domestic animals, which are recognized in the Republic of Srpska (BiH) are gatačko cattle and buša (cattle), Vlašić pramenka, Podveleška pramenka, Kupres pramenka (sheep), domestic Balkan horned goat (goats), Bosnian mountain horse (horses), mangulica (pigs) and pogrmuša hen or živičarka hen (poultry). By acceding to international conventions, BiH /Republic of Srpska has committed itself to establishing a system of measures that will enable the conservation of biological diversity and the protection of indigenous and endangered breeds of domestic animals. The choice of a strategy for the conservation of diversity, the establishment of an adequate conservation scheme, and the implementation of a conservation strategy are some of the key elements of any process for the conservation of genetic diversity. Preservation of autochthonous and protected breeds of domestic animals is possible through preservation in the original environment (in situ) and preservation outside the original environment (ex situ). There is a possibility of combining these models of conservation of animal genetic resources.

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