Evidence for clonality, breeding system, genetic diversity and genetic structure in large and small populations of Melaleuca deanei (Myrtaceae)

Melaleuca deanei F.Muell. is a rare, serotinous shrub with a naturally restricted distribution centred over the sandstone ridges around Sydney. Sexual reproduction and seedling recruitment occur rarely, and plants appear to spread and persist largely by clonal root suckering. A potentially outcrossing breeding system, combined with extensive clonality, place M. deanei at a high risk of reproductive failure. Knowledge of the extent of its clonality and breeding system, and an understanding of the distribution and abundance of genetic diversity within and among its populations, will assist conservation management. The present study reports on the extent of clonality, breeding system, levels of genetic diversity, and population differentiation within small, medium and large populations of M. deanei from the northern and southern distribution regions. Multiple stems were found to comprise single genets up to ~10 m diameter on the ground and molecular evidence points to an outcrossing breeding system. Genetic diversity was positively correlated with population size and significant genetic differentiation was shown between northern and southern regions using clustering analyses. Recommendations for in situ and ex situ conservation management based on these results are provided.

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Genetic diversity of Bolivian wild potato germplasm: changes during ex situ conservation management and comparisons with resampled in situ populations

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution ◽

10.1007/s10722-015-0357-9 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 331-344 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

X. Cadima Fuentes ◽

R. van Treuren ◽

R. Hoekstra ◽

R. G. van den Berg ◽

M. S. M. Sosef

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Conservation Management ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Wild Potato ◽

Potato Germplasm

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AUTOCHTHONOUS BREEDS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND CONSERVATION MEASURES

AGROFOR ◽

10.7251/agreng2101127m ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zoran MALETIC

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Conservation Strategy ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Animal Genetic Resources ◽

Diversity Preservation ◽

The Republic ◽

International Conventions

Recently, highly productive breeds of various species of domestic animals have been used in livestock production, which has resulted in the destruction of indigenous breeds of domestic animals around the world, even in our area. This is the first reason why indigenous races and strains have been endangered. Another reason is that domestic, indigenous breeds were crossed with specialized breeds, which were imported, and in that way their genetic diversity was negatively affected. Resistance is lost, adaptation to the conditions in which they were created, the ability to survive in nature. Indigenous breeds of different species of domestic animals, which are recognized in the Republic of Srpska (BiH) are gatačko cattle and buša (cattle), Vlašić pramenka, Podveleška pramenka, Kupres pramenka (sheep), domestic Balkan horned goat (goats), Bosnian mountain horse (horses), mangulica (pigs) and pogrmuša hen or živičarka hen (poultry). By acceding to international conventions, BiH /Republic of Srpska has committed itself to establishing a system of measures that will enable the conservation of biological diversity and the protection of indigenous and endangered breeds of domestic animals. The choice of a strategy for the conservation of diversity, the establishment of an adequate conservation scheme, and the implementation of a conservation strategy are some of the key elements of any process for the conservation of genetic diversity. Preservation of autochthonous and protected breeds of domestic animals is possible through preservation in the original environment (in situ) and preservation outside the original environment (ex situ). There is a possibility of combining these models of conservation of animal genetic resources.

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The decline and conservation management of the threatened endemic palms of the Mascarene Islands

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605302000091 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 56-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Mike Maunder ◽

Wayne Page ◽

John Mauremootoo ◽

Richard Payendee ◽

Yousoof Mungroo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Conservation Management ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Iucn Red List ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Population Fragmentation ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Mascarene Islands

Abstract The conservation status of the five genera and 11 species of palm endemic to the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, La Réunion and Rodriques) are reviewed. All species are threatened with extinction; nine taxa are classified as Critically Endangered and four as Endangered on the 2000 IUCN Red List. Two taxa survive as single wild specimens (Hyophorbe amaricaulis and Dictyosperma album var. conjugatum); an additional seven taxa have wild populations of 100 or fewer. Although the historical phase of large-scale forest clearance has passed, the remaining palm populations in the Mascarenes are under threat from the effects of population fragmentation, invasive plants and animals, and high levels of seed predation that prevent natural regeneration. The advantages of in situ management for the recovery of these palm populations are discussed. Without a long-term conservation programme, utilising both in situ and ex situ management, extinction of wild populations will occur.

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Estimation of Genetic Diversity Among Teressa Goat Population of A and N Islands by using Microsatellite Markers

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-3840 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jai Sunder ◽

S. Jeyakumar ◽

S. P. Yadav ◽

A. K. De ◽

A. Kundu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Mode Shift ◽

Information Index ◽

Goat Population ◽

Indigenous Goat ◽

Nicobar Islands ◽

Sparse Population

Background: Teressa goat is an indigenous goat breed of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These goats are mainly distributed in the Nicobar group of islands, however, sparse population is also available in the Andaman Islands. In order to understand the genetic diversity and variation among the population of Teressa goat, the studies on the molecular characterization was done by using microsatellite molecular markers. Methods: Randomly a total of 48 blood samples were collected different areas of the Nicobar Islands representing the breeding tract of the Teressa goat. Based on the guidelines of ISAG and FAO, a total of 15 recommended microsatellite markers were selected for the microsatellite analysis study. The data were analysed to study the diversity analysis at each locus by using GENETIX software package. Bottleneck hypothesis was also studied by using BOTTLENECK 1.2.01 and FIS, FIT and FIT values were calculated and heterozygosity deficiency at each locus using FSTAT software. Result: A total of 50 genotypes were observed across the 15 loci. The number of genotype varied between (MAF70; SRCRSP3) 1 and 6 (SRCRSP15). The effective number of alleles (Ne) varied from 2 to 6.98 in Teressa goat. Shannon’s Information Index (I) value was found to be high (1.1856±0.4369), it indicated that the level of diversity among the population of the Teressa goat is high. All the values of FIS obtained were negative which is suggestive of no inbreeding within the populations and the animals were outbred. The mode-shift test indicated the genetic bottleneck in Teressa and needs greater attention towards in situ/ex situ conservation. The present study provides the valuable information about the genetic makeup of the Teressa goat, however, detail study is required to carry out to study the important traits linked with production for further utilization of this breed.

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Population genetics and conservation of the critically endangered Clematis acerifolia (Ranunculaceae)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b05-097 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 83 (10) ◽

pp. 1248-1256 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. López-Pujol ◽

F.-M. Zhang ◽

S. Ge

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Population Genetic ◽

Critically Endangered ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Genetic Structuring ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽

Term Storage

Allozyme electrophoresis was used to evaluate the levels of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the critically endangered Clematis acerifolia Maximowicz (Ranunculaceae), a narrow endemic species in China. On the basis of variation at 19 putative loci in nine populations covering the entire distribution of this species, low values of genetic diversity were detected (P = 20.5%, A = 1.27, and He = 0.072). A significant deficiency of heterozygotes was found in all populations. Most loci showed deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, probably as a result of population genetic structuring. The high genetic divergence among populations (FST = 0.273) can be interpreted as an effect of the extinction of local populations and genetic drift within extant populations, and has probably been enhanced by habitat fragmentation in recent decades. Threats to this species are mainly anthropogenic (road works, construction of holiday resorts, and extraction activities), although stochastic risks cannot be ignored. Therefore, to preserve extant genetic variation of C. acerifolia, in situ strategies, such as the preservation of its habitat or at least the most diverse populations, and ex situ measures, such as the collection and long-term storage of seeds, should be adopted.

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Strategies for conservation of germplasm in endemic redwoods in the face of climate change: a review

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262111000153 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 411-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. R. Ahuja

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Genetic Diversity ◽

Conservation Strategy ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

Phenotypic Traits ◽

Coast Redwood ◽

Giant Sequoia ◽

The Face

This study reviews the various conservation strategies applied to the four redwood species, namely coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Sierra redwood or giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) and South American redwood or alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides), which are endemic in the USA, China and South America, respectively. All four redwood genera belong to the family Cupressaceae; they are monospecific, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened in their native ranges due to human activity and a changing climate. Therefore, the management objective should be to conserve representative populations of the native species with as much genetic diversity as possible for their future survival. Those representative populations exhibiting relatively high levels of genetic diversity should be selected for germplasm preservation and monitored during the conservation phase by using molecular markers. In situ and ex situ strategies for the preservation of germplasm of the redwoods are discussed in this study. A holistic in situ gene conservation strategy calls for the regeneration of a large number of diverse redwood genotypes that exhibit adequate levels of neutral and adaptive genetic variability, by generative and vegetative methods for their preservation and maintenance in their endemic locations. At the same time, it would be desirable to conserve the redwoods in new ex situ reserves, away from their endemic locations with similar as well as different environmental conditions for testing their growth and survival capacities. In addition, other ex situ strategies involving biotechnological approaches for preservation of seeds, tissues, pollen and DNA in genebanks should also be fully exploited in the face of global climate change.

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Designing conservation strategies to preserve the genetic diversity of Astragalus edulis Bunge, an endangered species from western Mediterranean region

10.7287/peerj.preprints.1496v1 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Julio Peñas ◽

Sara Barrios ◽

Javier Bobo-Pinilla ◽

Juan Lorite ◽

M. Montserrat Martínez-Ortega

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Iberian Peninsula ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

In Situ Conservation ◽

Western Mediterranean ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

Distribution Area ◽

Ecological Data

Astragalus edulis (Fabaceae) is an endangered annual species from western Mediterranean region that colonized SE Iberian Peninsula, NE and SW Morocco, and the easternmost Macaronesian islands (Lanzarote and Fuerteventura). Although in Spain some conservation measures have been adopted, it is still necessary to develop an appropriate management plan to preserve genetic diversity across the entire distribution area of the species. Our main objective was to use population genetics as well as ecological and phylogeographic data to select Relevant Genetic Units for Conservation (RGUCs) as the first step in designing conservation plans for A. edulis. We identified six RGUCs for in situ conservation, based on estimations of population genetic structure and probabilities of the loss of rare alleles. Additionally, further population parameters, i.e. occupation area, population size, vulnerability, legal status of the population areas, and the historical haplotype distribution, were considered in order to establish which populations deserve conservation priority. Three populations from the Iberian Peninsula, two from Morocco, and one from the Canary Islands represent the total genetic diversity of the species and the rarest allelic variation. Ex situ conservation is recommended to complement the preservation of A. edulis, given that effective in situ population protection is not feasible in all cases. The consideration of complementary phylogeographic and ecological data is useful for management efforts to preserve the evolutionary potential of the species.

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EXPERIENCE IN PRESERVING THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF STONE FRUITS USING THE BORDER HEDGING TECHNOLOGY

PROCEEDINGS ON APPLIED BOTANY GENETICS AND BREEDING ◽

10.30901/2227-8834-2019-2-7-11 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 180 (2) ◽

pp. 7-11

Author(s):

G. V. Eremin ◽

T. A. Gasanova ◽

V. G. Eremin ◽

I. S. Chepinoga

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Morphological Description ◽

Active Growth ◽

Space Reduction ◽

Abiotic Stressors ◽

Plant Growth Habit

Conservation of the world’s plant genetic resources is one of the most significant and relevant problems of mankind. At Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station of VIR, where the largest stone fruit plant genetic diversity in Russia is assembled (more than 5 thousand genotypes: cultivars and species, wild forms, distant hybrids and polyploids), a collection maintenance technology of ‘border hedging’ has been developed and successfully used. This method makes it quite economical (in terms of space reduction, simplification of the system of care for the storage garden, and decreasing the use of chemical protection agents) to maintain a large number of live accessions ex situ. The border hedging technology is based on a propagule nursery system that enables plants to grow longer than in conventional gardens, constantly keeping them in a state of active growth. The basic elements of this technology are dense arrangement of plants (intervals for high-growing plants: 4.0–5.0 m between rows, and 1.0–1.5 m in a row; for low-growing ones: 2.5 m between rows, and 0.5–1.0 m in a row) and annual pruning of shoots at a height of 1.0–1.2 m. Years of experience in using a denser planting pattern for collection garden maintenance helped to identify a number of most significant factors in this system, which make up the scientific basis of the technology for optimally efficient preservation of genotypes and their genetic compliance (representativeness). Among them are biological features of the in situ plant growth habit, including vigor, selection of rootstock or decision on own-root cultivation, layout of the plot, and maintenance system. If it is necessary to study the accessions in the garden where they are preserved in order to make their initial evaluation (approbation, morphological description, study of crop structure, biochemical or biotechnological assessment, analysis of resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors), the plants should not be pruned for 1–2 years. Upon completion of these works, the trees are coppiced again.

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Designing conservation strategies to preserve the genetic diversity ofAstragalus edulisBunge, an endangered species from western Mediterranean region

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.1474 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e1474 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Julio Peñas ◽

Sara Barrios ◽

Javier Bobo-Pinilla ◽

Juan Lorite ◽

M. Montserrat Martínez-Ortega

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Iberian Peninsula ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

In Situ Conservation ◽

Western Mediterranean ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

Distribution Area ◽

Ecological Data

Astragalus edulis(Fabaceae) is an endangered annual species from the western Mediterranean region that colonized the SE Iberian Peninsula, NE and SW Morocco, and the easternmost Macaronesian islands (Lanzarote and Fuerteventura). Although in Spain some conservation measures have been adopted, it is still necessary to develop an appropriate management plan to preserve genetic diversity across the entire distribution area of the species. Our main objective was to use population genetics as well as ecological and phylogeographic data to select Relevant Genetic Units for Conservation (RGUCs) as the first step in designing conservation plans forA. edulis. We identified six RGUCs for in situ conservation, based on estimations of population genetic structure and probabilities of loss of rare alleles. Additionally, further population parameters, i.e. occupation area, population size, vulnerability, legal status of the population areas, and the historical haplotype distribution, were considered in order to establish which populations deserve conservation priority. Three populations from the Iberian Peninsula, two from Morocco, and one from the Canary Islands represent the total genetic diversity of the species and the rarest allelic variation. Ex situ conservation is recommended to complement the preservation ofA. edulis, given that effective in situ population protection is not feasible in all cases. The consideration of complementary phylogeographic and ecological data is useful for management efforts to preserve the evolutionary potential of the species.

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