Phenolic Compounds in Red Oak and Sugar Maple Leaves Have Prooxidant Activities in the Midgut Fluids of Malacosoma disstria and Orgyia leucostigma Caterpillars

Chemical alterations to leaf litter associated with growth under elevated CO2may impact aquatic ecosystems that rely on terrestrial leaf litter as a carbon source. This study examined how elevated CO2altered the chemistry and subsequent response of stream microorganisms growing on the leaf litter of three riparian tree species. Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), white willow (Salix alba), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) were grown under ambient (360 parts per million) and elevated (720 parts per million) CO2for an entire growing season and senesced leaf litter was incubated in a stream for 80 days. Elevated-CO2effects on the chemistry of senesced litter were species-specific. Aspen leaves contained higher concentrations of lignin, maple leaves contained higher concentrations of soluble phenolic compounds, and willow leaves contained higher concentrations of carbohydrate-bound condensed tannins. Initially higher concentrations of soluble phenolic compounds in maple leaves were rapidly leached in stream water. However, higher concentrations of carbohydrate-bound tannins in elevated-CO2-grown willow leaves persisted and were correlated with reduced phenol oxidase activities of attached microbiota. Overall, altered leaf chemistry associated with growth under elevated CO2did not strongly suppress microbial activity during stream incubation. In cases where there was evidence of suppression, it was largely species-specific.

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A simple method for extracting plant phenolic compounds

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x92-087 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 654-659 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

A. Sauvesty ◽

F. Page ◽

J. Huot

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Aqueous Ethanol ◽

Quantitative Estimation ◽

Plant Tissues ◽

Simple Method ◽

Extraction Solvent ◽

Maple Leaves ◽

Barley Leaves

Quantitative estimation of phenolic compounds in plant tissues remains uncertain, mainly because those substances are unstable and easily degradable. In this research we have developed and tested a new method for extracting phenolic compounds from sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) leaves. The research involved three steps: (i) various procedures currently used for extraction of phenolic compounds were tested with five pure phenolic acids; (ii) the extraction solvent, the procedure for dissolving the phenolic compounds, the temperature, and the duration of the treatment were tested on maple leaves; (iii) two methods that were found equally efficient for litter maple leaves were tested on maple leaves collected in June, on barley leaves, and on four pure phenolic acids. Based on those tests, the dissolution of phenolic compounds in 50% aqueous ethanol (v/v) at 40 °C for 3 h appeared to be the most reliable and the least destructive method. We also recommend the use of Polyclar AT, a resin that retains phenolics in solution, to assess the amount of reductive nonphenolic substances present in the plant material analyzed.

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Fifty years of partial harvesting in a mixed mesophytic forest: composition and productivity

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x03-262 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 985-997 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Thomas M Schuler

Keyword(s):

Forest Management ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Timber Harvesting ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Single Tree ◽

Periodic Growth ◽

Mesophytic Forest ◽

Single Tree Selection

Long-term silvicultural trials contribute to sustainable forest management by providing a better scientific understanding of how forest ecosystems respond to periodic timber harvesting. In this study, species composition, diversity, and net periodic growth of tree species in a mixed mesophytic forest in the central Appalachians were evaluated after about a half century of management. Three partial cutting practices on 18 research compartments and on 3 unmanaged reference compartments were evaluated (19512001) on 280 ha. Single-tree selection, diameter-limit harvesting, and timber harvesting in 0.162-ha patches were assessed on three northern red oak site index50 (SI) classes: 24, 21, and 18. ShannonWeiner's diversity index (H′) declined from the first (19511959) to last (19872001) measurements and was related to both SI (P = 0.004) and treatment (P = 0.009). Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were the two most abundant species in recent years (19872001); in contrast, in initial inventories (19511959), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) were most abundant. Net periodic annual increment (PAI) of merchantable trees (DBH ≥12.7 cm) was related to both SI (P = 0.004) and treatment (P = 0.003). Mean PAI ranged from 4.6 m3·ha1·year1 for single-tree selection to 2.5 m3·ha1·year1 for unmanaged reference areas across all SI classes. The decline of oak species suggests that only intensive and specific forest management focused on maintaining oak species can obtain historical levels of diversity.

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Heat Emission as a Protective Mechanism against High-irradiance Stress in Sugar Maple Leaves

Photosynthetica ◽

10.1023/a:1006902621561 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 191-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. Veeranjaneyulu ◽

R.M. Leblanc

Keyword(s):

Sugar Maple ◽

Heat Emission ◽

High Irradiance ◽

Protective Mechanism ◽

Maple Leaves ◽

Irradiance Stress ◽

High Irradiance Stress

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Testing Lake States TWIGS: Five-Year Growth Projections for Upland Hardwoods in Northern Lower Michigan

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/13.4.182 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 182-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Patrick J. Guertin ◽

C. W. Ramm

Keyword(s):

Sugar Maple ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Red Oak ◽

Time Interval ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Red Maple ◽

White Oak ◽

Validation Data ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Lake States

Abstract Five-year diameter growth, basal area growth, and mortality for five upland hardwood species in northern Lower Michigan were compared to projections from Lake States TWIGS. The species studied were northern red oak, white oak, other red oak (pin oak and black oak combined), sugar maple, and red maple. The validation data consisted of individual tree measurements from 44 stands across 10 ecological land types on the Manistee National Forest. The stands were measured in 1986 and 1991; during this time interval stands experienced a drought and outbreaks of leaf defoliators. For individual dbh classes, 5 yr diameter growth was predicted within ± 0.3 in. for all species. Mean errors for BA projections were within ± 5 ft²/ac for all species, and mean error for trees/ac ranged from - 33 for other red oak to + 16 for sugar maple. Although precision was variable, Lake States TWIGS provided accurate predictions of 5 yr diameter growth for the five species tested. Projections of mortality were less accurate. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):00-00.

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Contribution of anthocyanins to the antioxidant capacity of juvenile and senescing sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaves

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp07060 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 34 (8) ◽

pp. 714 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Abby K. van den Berg ◽

Timothy D. Perkins

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Free Radical ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Additional Source ◽

Stable Free Radical ◽

Maple Leaves

Foliar anthocyanins are hypothesised to provide an additional source of photoprotection from photooxidative stress to the leaves in which they occur through their ability to scavenge excess free radical species. Although demonstrated to significantly enhance the antioxidant status of red morphs of fully expanded leaves of some species, the contribution of anthocyanins to the antioxidant capacity of the juvenile and senescing leaves in which they frequently occur has not been examined. Antioxidant activity of extracts from anthocyanic and non-anthocyanic juvenile and senescing sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) leaves from similar light environments was assessed using the stable free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). Anthocyanin content was significantly correlated with antioxidant activity in extracts of anthocyanic juvenile leaves but only weakly correlated in extracts of anthocyanic senescing leaves. In addition, the antioxidant activity of anthocyanic and non-anthocyanic leaves was equal in both juvenile and senescing leaves. Thus, although anthocyanins may contribute to the antioxidant capacity of anthocyanic juvenile and senescing sugar maple leaves, these results are not consistent with the hypothesis that anthocyanins provide an enhancement to the photoprotection available in either leaf type through free radical scavenging. The results suggest anthocyanins may be part of alternative strategies employed by anthocyanic juvenile and senescing maple leaves to achieve similar levels of antioxidant capacity as their non-anthocyanic counterparts to cope with the same set of environmental challenges.

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