Intangible investment and the importance of firm-specific factors in the determination of earnings

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerissa C. Brown ◽  
Michael D. Kimbrough
Keyword(s):  
Specific Factors ◽  
Intangible Investment

Firm Characteristics and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Firms

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lopamudra D. Satpathy ◽  
Bani Chatterjee ◽  
Jitendra Mahakud
Keyword(s):  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Size Of Firms ◽  
Specific Factors

Measurement of the productivity of firms is an important research issue in productivity literature. Over the years, various methods have been developed to measure firm productivity across the globe. But there is no unanimity on the use of methods, and research on the identification of factors which determine productivity has been neglected. In view of these gaps, this study aims to measure total factor productivity (TFP) and tries to identify firm-specific factors which determine productivity of Indian manufacturing companies. The study is based on data of 616 firms from 1998–99 to 2012–13. To measure TFP, the Levinsohn–Petrin (L-P) method has been employed, and the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) method has been used to identify factors that affect TFP. The results reveal that embodied and disembodied technology plays a crucial role in the determination of productivity overall in manufacturing and other sub-industries. Similarly, the size of firms and intensity of raw material imports are also important for the determination of productivity across the sub-industries. JEL Classification: C14, C33, D24, L60

Determination of the Success and Failure of Root-Form Osseointegrated Dental Implants

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio S. Tonetti
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implants ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Pathological Material ◽  
Implanted Device ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Permucosal osseointegrated dental implants are a highly effective and predictable treatment modality for edentulism. This review discusses some controversial aspects of the definitions for success and failure of root-form dental implants. The discussion will focus on the underlying pathologies that, if untreated, may lead to loss of the implanted device. Few clinical syndromes are described based on human pathological material and clinical presentation. The theoretical chronological relationship between implant loss and the incidence of pathology of the soft- and hard-tissue seal around implants is also discussed. The review also examines the finding that implant failures are not randomly distributed in the treated populations and that implant loss clusters in specific high-risk groups and individuals. Known risk indicators, and possible risk factors, are discussed, taking into account the patient, the reconstruction, the implant, and implant site-specific factors. Particular emphasis is placed on the need for better determination of whether periodontal patients are at higher risk for implant failures as a consequence of their increased susceptibility to infectious, inflammatory-response-driven tissue breakdown.

scholarly journals The Doctrine of Clarifications

2021 ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Pat McDonell
Keyword(s):  
Statutory Interpretation ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Law

Clarifications are a longstanding but little-studied concept in statutory interpretation. Most courts have found that clarifying amendments to preexisting statutes bypass retroactivity limitations. Therein lies their power. Because clarifications simply restate the law, they do not implicate the presumption against retroactivity that Landgraf v. USI Film Products embedded in civil-statute interpretation. The problem that courts have yet to address is how exactly clarifying legislation can be distinguished from legislation that substantively changes the law. What exactly is a clarification? The courts’ answers implicate many of the entrenched debates in statutory interpretation. This Note offers three primary contributions. First, it summarizes the existing doctrine of clarifications as it has been established in the federal circuits and highlights the important implications of their approaches. Second, it argues that clarifications are an important tool for courts and lawmaking bodies. Third, it provides a more intelligible taxonomy for courts to use, including specific factors that ought to guide their determination of whether an amendment clarifies the law.

scholarly journals THE DETERMINANTS OF FIRM’S CAPITAL STRUCTURE: EVIDENCE OF SHARIAH AND NON-SHARIAH STOCK COMPANIES IN INDONESIA

El Dinar ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Choirul Nikmah ◽  
Suhadak Suhadak ◽  
Kertahadi Kertahadi ◽  
Hsien- Hung Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Industry Type ◽  
Industry Effect ◽  
Specific Factors

<h1><em style="font-size: 10px;">Abstract</em></h1><p><em>This research investigates the determinants of capital structure for firms in Indonesia from the perspective of Shariah and non-Shariah stocks. The research was conducted using 222 non financial companies that listing in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period of 2007 to 2012. This study tested using multiple linier regressions with panel data.The results show that firm-specific factors such as profitability and tangibility have significant negative influence on capital structure. There is no direct industry effect on capital structure but the interaction between industry type and Shariah and non-Shariah stocks do affect the determination of capital structure. In addition, the interaction between firm-specific factors and Shariah and non-Shariah stocks affects capital structure of firms in Indonesia. </em></p>

Inadequate Immunizations

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri J. Hymel ◽  
Joseph Sherman ◽  
Sandra K. Pope ◽  
Kelly J. Kelleher
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Screening Criteria ◽  
Immunization Status ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Limited Health ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Retrospective Examination

Immunizations are cost-effective measures for assuring public health. However, recent outbreaks of measles, mumps, and pertussis underscore the inadequacy of current immunization programs. A model identifying those children who are likely to be inadequately immunized could focus the use of limited health funds. A retrospective examination of the medical charts of 101 children in a large inner-city clinic was undertaken to determine if specific factors were associated with inadequate immunization status. Fifty percent of the children were inadequately immunized by 18 months of age (no measles-mumps-rubella or fewer than three diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccinations). Logistic regression analyses showed that older maternal age, no recurrent or chronic illnesses, and vaginal delivery were independently associated with inadequate immunization status. However, on many charts, information on maternal, social, and environmental variables was incomplete. The increasing use of structured medical charts will enhance data collection and the determination of an appropriate index. A prospective study of the variables identified, along with standardization of medical records and inclusion of social history data, is necessary to further investigate the utility of screening criteria for inadequate immunizations.

scholarly journals FIRM SPECIFIC DETERMINANTS OF MARKUP ‐ THE CASE OF SLOVENIAN MANUFACTURING FIRMS

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Ponikvar ◽  
Melita Rant
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Organisational Structure ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Panel Data Regression ◽  
Data Regression ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Industry Membership

Investigations of firms’ pricing decisions and performances have been twofold. While within the industrial organisation framework stress is placed on industry‐specific factors and the market power of firms within industries, various organisational theories emphasise the role of ‘soft’ factors in the determination of firms’ performance. The main thesis of our paper is that the size of a firm's markup can mostly be explained by the firm's productivity, capital and labour costs, as well as the firm's market power and organisational structure characteristics, when the external environment and industry membership is controlled for. Our objective is thus to explain firm‐level markups by a set of firm‐specific factors. The empirical analysis of markup determinants is based on a sample of Slovenian manufacturing firms (NACE 15–37) in the 1994–2003 period, applying panel data regression GLS model and ANOVA analyses. We find that, besides market share and cost factors, organisational structure change occurring after some threshold significantly increases markups.

scholarly journals Sentencing consistency in the New Zealand District Courts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Wayne Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Criminal History ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
District Courts ◽  
Contextual Variables ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Multi Level

<p>This thesis examines the consistency of sentencing between the circuits of the New Zealand District Courts. Four predictions based on a sequence or chain of theories incorporating the concept of bounded rationality from decision making theory, the influence of formal and substantive rationalities on sentencing decisions, court community theory, and personal construct psychology were tested. The circuit in which sentencing took place was expected to affect the likelihood of incarceration and to affect the length of incarceration. If these predictions were met, it was further predicted that the weight applied to some or all of the sentencing factors would vary between circuits. It is understood to be the first study controlling for a wide range of sentencing factors examining the consistency of sentencing between locations in New Zealand and one of the first from anywhere outside of the United States. The four predictions were tested using sentencing data from the two years 2008-2009 for three high volume offences (aggravated drink driving, male assaults female and burglary). Sentencing was treated as a two part decision process, with the selection of a sentence type followed by the determination of the sentence amount. Each prediction was separately modelled for each offence. Different types of model were chosen as being more suitable for the specific predictions: logistic regression for the likelihood of incarceration; linear regression for the length of incarceration; multi-level generalised linear regression with random co-efficients to determine if the weight applied to specific factors varied by circuit in the determination of whether or not to incarcerate; and multi-level linear regression with random co-efficients to determine if the weight applied to specific factors varied by circuit in the determination of sentence length. The logistic regression and linear regression models demonstrated that there were statistically significant and substantively significant differences between circuits in the likelihood and length of incarceration. The extent of inconsistency varied by offence type with the most marked differences occurring for aggravated drink driving and burglary. Offence seriousness and criminal history factors were found to be the principal influences on both sentence decisions for all three offences. The multi-level models for aggravated drink driving and burglary revealed a core of seriousness and criminal history factors whose influence varied across the circuits. The models for male assaults female were less informative, highlighting the likelihood that these models were limited by the omission of key sentencing variables and the narrow scope of this particular assault type within the wider spectrum of assaults. The findings should not be interpreted as if they are a critique of the sentence imposed in any individual case or of the sentencing by any judge or in any circuit. It is a critique of sentencing guidance in New Zealand and its ability to achieve a fundamental tenet of justice: the similar treatment of similar offenders being sentenced in similar circumstances. In addition to testing the predictions the multi-level models were extended to address whether the observed variation in sentencing was associated with variations in circuit context. Due to the limited number of circuits (17) and multi-collinearity between the contextual variables, bivariate analyses had to be employed. The modelling revealed a consistent difference between provincial and metropolitan circuits; the two categories of circuit were distinguished from one another by many of the other more specific variables that had a significant association with sentencing approaches. The provincial circuits were more likely to incarcerate and to impose longer sentences. However, the small number of circuits and multi-collinearity between the variables precluded more detailed analysis to identify which of the contextual variables distinguishing metropolitan and provincial circuits had the greatest influence. These findings have significant implications for the judiciary and for sentencing policy makers. Urgent attention should be given to addressing opportunities to increase the availability of sentencing guidance to reduce the degree of inconsistency. More detailed offence based sentencing guidance is required; in the current context there are two options that could be used. The Court of Appeal could issue a broader range of guideline judgments or the legislation for the Sentencing Council and the process for developing and promulgating guidelines could be implemented. For logistical and public policy reasons the Sentencing Council approach is preferred. There is a risk that failure to address the levels of inconsistency will result in the sentencing system falling into disrepute.</p>

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