Identification of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria isolated from cattle in the Republic of Tatarstan

The purpose of this work was to identify non-tuberculosism ycobacteria isolated from cattle in the Republic of Tatarstan. The article presents the results of identification of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria in samples of pathological material received from cattle reacting to tuberculin by polymerase chain reaction in real time and with electrophoretic detection. In the result of our research it is determined that in 43% of the explored samples of pathological material received from reacting to tuberculin cattle nontuberculous mycobacteria were identified.

Comparative analysis of resistance of main etiological agents of chronic osteomyelitis isolated from association and in monoculture

Introduction. To date, a significant number of works have been published devoted to the analysis of the sensitivity of the leading causative agents of osteomyelitis to modern drugs, however, in the available literature there are no data on a comparative analysis of the antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from the osteomyelitis focus from the association and in monoculture. Purpose of the work: to compare the resistance profiles of the leading causative agents of osteomyelitis, depending on the bacterial composition of the focus of infection.Materials and methods. The study included 216 clinical isolates, of which 114 were isolated as part of two-component associations, 102 – in a monoculture from pathological material in patients with chronic osteomyelitis who were treated in the purulent department of National Medical Scientific Centre of Traumatology and Orthopedics n.a. academician G.E. Ilizarov (Kurgan, Russia) from 2018 to 2020. To analyze the resistance profiles, depending on the type of microorganism, modern drugs used in the clinic for the treatment of osteomyelitis were taken into account.Results and its discussion. Effective drugs against P. aeruginosa strains isolated from the association were polymyxin and meropenem, and in monoculture–polymyxin, piperacillin/tazobactam, tobramycin; in relation to strains of K. pneumoniae isolated from the association, it was imipenem, in monoculture – amikacin. S. aureus strains isolated both from the association and in monoculture were highly susceptible to antibacterial drugs.Conclusion. The analysis of the sensitivity of the leading causative agents of osteomyelitis, isolated in monoculture and from the association, to the antibacterial drugs used in the clinic, showed significant differences in the resistance profiles between the groups: for S. aureus strains, 4 antibiotics tested out of 13, for P. aeruginosa strains – 7 out of 13, for K. pneumoniae strains – 12 out of 16. The tested antibacterial drugs were less active against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus strains isolated from associations. In contrast, the percentage of resistant strains of K. pneumoniae was higher among monocultures.

DESIGN OF HIGHLY SPECIFIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PRIMERS AND PROBES FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF NON-TUBERCULOSIS MYCOBACTERIA

The purpose of this work was to develop highly specific oligonucleotide primers and probes for the identification of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria in pathological material taken from tuberculin-responsive cattle. The article presents the result of the development and design of a set of oligonucleotide primers and probes, research of their specificity and sensitivity. The primers and probes developed by us for the identification of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria in order to differentiate nonspecific reactions to tuberculin in cattle have high specificity and sensitivity.

Epidemiological monitoring of avian influenza in the Republic of Crimea in 2019–2020

The paper presents results of avian influenza epidemiological monitoring in the Republic of Crimea in 2019–2020. The attention was focused on the study of water basins of the Azov and Black Seas, the Sivash Lagoon and freshwater lakes in the Feodosia Urban Okrug, Leninsky, Sovetsky, Nizhnegorsky, Chernomorsky and Saksky Raions to detect the avian influenza virus circulation. Examination of the above mentioned areas showed that some freshwater reservoirs became shallow and dry, and aquatic vegetation degraded. The natural biotope analysis conducted in 2019 and 2020 showed a decreased number of semiaquatic wild birds. The pathological material was sampled from semiaquatic and migratory wild birds, as well as from poultry kept in poultry farms and backyards. The collected samples were tested using real-time RT-PCR. In 2019, the AIV type A (H9) genome was detected in one fecal sample taken from wild birds near Kuchuk-Adzhigol Lake in Feodosia Urban Okrug. The AIV type A (H5) genome was detected in 2020 during laboratory testing of pathological material taken from the remains of a mute swan within the shoreline of a freshwater lake near the Ermakovo settlement of the Dzhankoysky Raion. The genetic analysis was performed in the FGBI “ARRIAH” (Vladimir), and the N8 subtype neuraminidase of the influenza virus isolate was determined. The comparative genetic analysis of 258 bp nucleic acid sequences of the AIV H gene fragment showed that the identified isolate belongs to the Asian genetic lineage of highly pathogenic AIV subtype H5 (clade 2.3.4.4) associated with the epidemic spread in Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Africa in 2016–2020.

A modern approach to the diagnosis of tuberculous spondylitis (literature review)

Objective — provide a systematic analysis of the scientific literature on the current state of diagnosis of patients with tuberculous spondylitis (TS), and identify prospects for improving the diagnosis of this disease. Materials and methods. To carry out this work, we analyzed 118 literature sources from the Pub Med database on the records of Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Diagnosis of tuberculous spondylitis, and 26 of them tacked for detailed study. Results and discussion. It was found that TS is the most severe clinical form of osteoarticular tuberculosis (OATB), which is a serious medical and social problem. The percentage of diagnostic errors in TS is very high and its level in recent decades has a clear tendency to increase. The diagnostic pause in this disease usually lasts at least three months. Clinico-radiological examinations are the most accessible and widely used in the world, being the basis for the diagnosis of OATB. From the standpoint of evidence-based medicine, a verified (proven) diagnosis of OATB should be based on data from bacteriological and histological examination of pathological material. Quite often the course of the TS is accompanied by the phenomena of pathomorphosis, which significantly complicates the differential diagnosis. In scientific publications, insufficient attention is paid to the issue of etiological diagnosis of the disease, but traditional methods of clinical and radiological studies have a significant percentage of diagnostic errors. Conclusions. Diagnosis of TS in modern conditions in the vast majority of cases occurs at a later stage (in the advanced form), which causes significant difficulties in the treatment this category of patients.It is important to improve the methods of etiological diagnosis of TS with the following studies sensitivity of the pathogen to antibacterial drugs, which is one of the main conditions for successful treatment.

Etiological and Epizootic Peculiarities Gastrointestinal Infection Processes in Sheep

For in-depth study of the peculiarities of the etiological and epizootic processes of gastro-intestinal infections in sheep, we conducted a study to determine the role of conditional-pathogenic microorganisms in this pathology. A study of the prevalence and frequency of intestinal infections in lambs on farms in the Kakheti region has shown that this pathology is very common and harms the region's livestock. During the study of pathological material of fallen lambs and aborted fetuses, 365 cultures were isolated, of which 182 cultures belonged to the genus Escherichia, 143 - Salmonella, 28 - Klebsiella, 4 - Streptococcus, 1 - Proteus and 7 cultures Diplococcus. Bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family has been found to play an important role in the development of gastro-intestinal diseases in lambs, accounting for approximately 97% of isolated cultures, of which Escherichia and Salmonella predominate, 51.0% and 39.1%. DOWNLOADS

Helminthiasis of Infection Ruminants in Various Landscapes of the Sheki-Zagatala Region of Azerbaijan

In order to study the epizootic situation of helminthic spread, 430 samples of feces and pathological material from small ruminants were taken from livestock farms of the Sheki-Zagatala region. The materials were send for research to the Department of Parasitology of the Scientific Research Veterinary Institute. The research results were analyzed for mountainous, foothill, flat areas and for the seasonality of the region.

Not enough can be enough: feasibility of the Idylla EGFR mutation test when reuse of stained tissue slides is the only option available

AimsThe minimally invasive procedures used in the diagnostic workup of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) often provide poor yields of pathological material suitable for molecular analyses. Not infrequently, the DNA yield from small biopsies/cytological samples is insufficient for the assessment of genomic biomarkers that inform personalised therapies. The Idylla EGFR mutation test (IEMT) has been specifically designed to process formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections without requiring preliminary DNA extraction.This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of IEMT when used to analyse archival histopathology material. More specifically, our objective was to establish whether or not different staining procedures could affect assay performance.MethodsTwenty NSCLC samples were selected accordingly to EGFR mutational status. To mimic archived stained material, sections were subjected to H&E staining, fluorescent in situ hybridisation analyses or immunodetection by immunohistochemistry before being processed for IEMT.ResultsParallel assessment of EGFR mutational status by IEMT on stained sections and next-generation sequencing on DNA yielded a concordant result in 50 out of 60 tests (83.3%). The discoloration of H&E of the archived sample was found to be the optimal procedure to highlight all the actionable alterations of EGFR.ConclusionsIEMT can provide remarkable diagnostic accuracy for the assessment of EGFR mutational status also when the only source of pathological material available for molecular analyses is represented by H&E stained sections. Ad hoc supervision by a qualified molecular biologist is in any case recommended.

Difficulties of hypocomplementemic urticaria vasculitis diagnostics

Urticaria vasculitis is a multisystem disease with cutaneous lesions which resemble urticaria and histologic signs of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. The article highlights the main aspects of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical and histopathological disease manifestations, and also methods of treatment. Difficulties of a diagnostic process are demonstrated by means of an example of our own follow-up of a patient with Urticaria vasculitis having a history of solar urticaria. The main trigger of episodes relapse of urticarial rash in the form of coldinduced urticaria and urticaria resulting from blood pressure, was a stress factor and hemorrhage from the duodenal bulb ulcer. The analysis of clinical data and peculiarities of disease progression was conducted for the purpose of diff erential diagnostic procedure of urticaria and urticaria vasculitis. The patient’s urticaria lasted longer than 24 hours; haemosideric staining was observed in the course of rash resolving, local oedemata resembling Quincke’s edema ailed, general symptoms were present (arthralgia, fever, abdominal pains, neurological disorders, etc.). Low effi ciency of antihistamines was reported. Laboratory examination revealed the increase in the blood sedimentation rate, lowering of the complement component 3, raise of anti-C1q and cryoglobulinemia. The essential component of the diagnostic search was biopsy of the skin which allowed to reveal signs of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. On the basis of the clinical evidence (fixed urticarial eruption), laboratory data (hypocomplementemia), histological examination of skin (leukocytoclastic vasculitis) and multisystemic pathology found (of joints, heart, GIT, nervous system), the patient has been diagnosed with a hypocomplementary urticaria vasculitis. Moreover, the article includes recommendations on sampling of pathological material due to primary importance of skin biopsy results in diagnostics of the urticarial vasculitis. Medical professionals no matter of their speciality, should know peculiarities of Urticaria vasculitis progression to reduce the likelihood of its error diagnosis as recurrent urticaria or other immunological disease.

Screening of Epidemiologically Significant Mechanisms of Antibiotics to β-Lactams in Enterobacteriaceae - Pathogens of Zoonoses

Among the acquired mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics of microorganisms, the production of beta-lactamases, enzymes that inactivate penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams, is widespread. Most often, such beta-lactamases, in particular ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases), are capable of destroying III and IV generations of cephalosporins. One of the important ESBL producers is Escherichia coli and, to a lesser extent, Salmonella enteritidis, which are clinically significant in animals and humans. The purpose of the study was to screen ESBL DDM using cephalosporin markers and screening of mobile extrachromosomal factors of bacterial heredity – plasmids (potentially dangerous factors of genetic transport) in isolates of E. coli and S. enteritidis, polyresistant to aminoderms, from environmental objects, patho- and biological material, raw materials and products of animal origin. Results of our studies have shown the level of their distribution among animals, poultry, since from 13 field isolates of E. coli isolated from the milk of cows with mastitis and pathological material from pigs, ESBL production was found in 3 strains (23.1%) and from 18 field isolates of S. enteritidis isolated from pathological material from poultry, ESBL production was found in 2 strains (11.1%). Based on the results of molecular genetics studies, the presence of resistance plasmids (R-plasmids) in 9 field E. coli isolates was confirmed, 4 of which produced acquired beta-lactamases, incl. ESBL and 8 field isolates of S. enteritidis, 7 of which confirmed the presence of acquired carbapenemases.