Fuzzy-Based Screening System for Determination of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Method in Reservoir

The petroleum industry is developing technology to increase oil recovery in reservoirs. One of the technologies used is Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Selecting an EOR method for a specific reservoir condition is one of the most challenging tasks for a reservoir engineer. This study tries to build a fuzzy logic-based screening system to determine the EOR method. It created the system intending to be able to assist in selecting and determining the appropriate EOR method used in the field. There are nine input criteria used to screen the EOR criteria, namely: API Gravity, Oil Saturation, Formation Type, Net Thickness, Viscosity, Permeability, Temperature, Porosity, Depth criteria. The output criteria generated from the calculation of the EOR screening criteria are 14 outputs, namely: CO2 MF Miscible Flooding, CO2 IMMF Immiscible Flooding, HC MF Miscible Flooding, HC IMMF Immiscible Flooding, N2 MF Miscible Flooding, N2 IMMF Immiscible Flooding, WAG MF Miscible Flooding , HC+WAG IMMF Immiscible Flooding, Polymer, ASP, Combustion, Steam, Hot Water, Microbial. In this system, 512 rules are generated to produce 14 different outputs of the EOR method, with Mamdani's Fuzzy Inference reasoning. This fuzzy-based screening system has an accuracy rate of 80.95%, so this system is suitable to be used to assist reservoir engineers in determining the appropriate EOR method to be used according to the conditions in the reservoir. The sensitivity level of the system only reaches 53.1%, while the specificity level reaches 94%.

Retrospective validation of the postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity (G-ROP) criteria in a Swiss cohort

Background Currently used screening criteria for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) show high sensitivity for predicting treatment-requiring ROP but low specificity; over 90% of examined infants do not develop ROP that requires treatment (type 1 ROP). A novel weight gain-based prediction model was developed by the G-ROP study group to increase the specificity of the screening criteria and keep the number of ophthalmic examinations as low as possible. This retrospective cohort study aimed to externally validate the G-ROP screening criteria in a Swiss cohort. Methods Data from 645 preterm infants in ROP screening at Inselspital Bern between January 2015 and December 2019 were retrospectively retrieved from the screening log and analysed. The G-ROP screening criteria, consisting of 6 trigger parameters, were applied in infants with complete data. To determine the performance of the G-ROP prediction model for treatment-requiring ROP, sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results Complete data were available for 322 infants who were included in the analysis. None of the excluded infants had developed type 1 ROP. By applying the 6 criteria in the G-ROP model, 214 infants were flagged to undergo screening: among these, 14 developed type 1 ROP, 9 developed type 2 ROP, and 43 developed milder stages of ROP. The sensitivity for predicting treatment-requiring ROP was 100% (CI, 0.79–1.00), and the specificity was 41% (CI, 0.35 –0.47). Implementing the novel G-ROP screening criteria would reduce the number of infants entering ROP screening by approximately one third. Conclusions The overall prevalence of treatment-requiring ROP was low (2.15%). Previously published performance parameters for the G-ROP algorithm were reproducible in this Swiss cohort. Importantly, all treatment-requiring infants were correctly identified. By using these novel criteria, the burden of screening examinations could be significantly reduced.

Multiple Metabolic Phenotypes as Screening Criteria Are Correlated With the Plant Growth-Promoting Ability of Rhizobacterial Isolates

Efficient screening method is the prerequisite for getting plant growth-promoting (PGP) rhizobacteria (PGPR) which may play an important role in sustainable agriculture from the natural environment. Many current traditional preliminary screening criteria based on knowledge of PGP mechanisms do not always work well due to complex plant–microbe interactions and may lead to the low screening efficiency. More new screening criteria should be evaluated to establish a more effective screening system. However, the studies focused on this issue were not enough, and few new screening criteria had been proposed. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between the metabolic phenotypes of rhizobacterial isolates and their PGP ability. The feasibility of using these phenotypes as preliminary screening criteria for PGPR was also evaluated. Twenty-one rhizobacterial isolates were screened for their PGP ability, traditional PGP traits, and multiple metabolic phenotypes that are not directly related to PGP mechanisms, but are possibly related to rhizosphere colonization. Correlations between the PGP traits or metabolic phenotypes and increases in plant agronomic parameters were analyzed to find the indicators that are most closely related to PGP ability. The utilization of 11 nutrient substrates commonly found in root exudates, such as D-salicin, β-methyl-D-glucoside, and D-cellobiose, was significantly positively correlated with the PGP ability of the rhizobacterial isolates. The utilization of one amino acid and two organic acids, namely L-aspartic acid, α-keto-glutaric acid, and formic acid, was negatively correlated with PGP ability. There were no significant correlations between four PGP traits tested in this study and the PGP ability. The ability of rhizobacterial isolates to metabolize nutrient substrates that are identical or similar to root exudate components may act as better criteria than PGP traits for the primary screening of PGPR, because rhizosphere colonization is a prerequisite for PGPR to affect plants.

Diagnosing and treating depression and anxiety in patients with cardiovascular disorders and diabetes mellitus in primary healthcare: is training of physicians enough for improvement?

INTRODUCTION. Common mental disorders - anxiety and depression - are prevalent among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM) and can negatively influence treatment outcomes and healthcare expenses. Despite the importance of management of depression and anxiety in primary care facilities, the diagnostics and treatment of these disorders remain insufficient in the Russian Federation. OBJECTIVE. To explore whether the rates of referrals to psychiatrist and indicated pharmacological treatment received due to depression or anxiety among patients with CVD and DM will significantly change in the primary healthcare facility after the training of primary care physicians (PCPhs) to deal with comorbid depression and anxiety (including the algorithm for referral to a psychiatrist). METHODS. Patients in primary care outpatient settings with diagnoses of CVD and DM passed screening on anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and information about the indicated treatment for anxiety or depression was collected when present (Sample 1: n = 400). The educational programme for PCPhs on diagnostics of anxiety and depression was then performed, and PCPhs were instructed to refer patients with HADS 7 to a psychiatrist. After the training, the second sample was collected (Sample 2: n = 178) using the same assessments as for Sample 1. The independent expert (psychiatrist) evaluated whether the patients had received the indicated pharmacological treatment, according to the screening criteria used in the study for anxiety and depression for both samples. RESULTS. The proportions of patients with borderline abnormal and abnormal HADS scores ( 7) were 365 (91.2%) and 164 (92.1%) in Sample 1 and Sample 2, respectively. In Sample 1, among patients with HADS 7, 119 (29.8%) received psychopharmacological treatment, but in only 46 (38.7%) cases it was indicated in compliance with the screening criteria. In Sample 2, among patients with HADS 7, 59 (33.1%) received psychopharmacological treatment, and in only 14 (23.7%) cases was it indicated in compliance with the screening criteria. The differences in the indicated pharmacological treatment were not statistically significant, and no one from Sample 2 with HADS 7 met a psychiatrist through PCPh referral. CONCLUSIONS. Anxiety and depression are prevalent in patients with CVD and DM treated in primary care facilities, but these patients may not be receiving the indicated pharmacological treatment. Barriers to referral and the use of psychiatric consultation exist despite the focused training of PCPhs and the straightforward referral protocol provided.

Complications Associated With Removal of Airway Devices Under Deep Anesthesia In Children: An Analysis of The Wake Up Safe Database

Background: Previous studies examining removal of endotracheal tubes and supraglottic devices under deep anesthesia were underpowered to identify rare complications. This study sought to report all adverse events associated with this practice found in a large national database of pediatric anesthesia adverse events.Methods: An extract of an adverse events database created by the Wake Up Safe database, a multi-institutional pediatric anesthesia quality improvement initiative, was performed for this study. It was screened to identify anesthetics with variables indicating removal of airway devices under deep anesthesia. Three anesthesiologists screened the data to identify events where this practice possibly contributed to the event. Event data was extracted and collated. Results: 102 events met screening criteria and 66 met inclusion criteria. Two cardiac etiology events were identified, one of which resulted in the patient’s demise. The remaining 97% of events were respiratory in nature (64 events), including airway obstruction, laryngospasm, bronchospasm and aspiration. Some respiratory events consisted of multiple distinct events in series. Nineteen respiratory events resulted in cardiac arrest (29.7%) of which 15 (78.9%) were deemed preventable by local anesthesiologists performing independent review. Respiratory events resulted in intensive care unit admission (37.5%), prolonged intubation and temporary neurologic injury but no permanent harm. Provider and patient factors were root causes in most events. Upon investigation, areas for improvement identified included improving patient selection, ensuring monitoring, availability of intravenous access, and access to emergency drugs and equipment until emergence.Conclusions: Serious adverse events have been associated with this practice, but no respiratory events were associated with long-term harm.

Nationwide inventory on retinopathy of prematurity screening in the Netherlands

PurposeProvide up-to-date insight in incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), logistics of screening and treatment in the Netherlands and influence of the new national ROP guideline in which more stringent screening criteria were implemented and the early treatment for ROP criteria (ETROP) were emphasised.MethodsMulticentre prospective nationwide study including all preterm infants, born in the Netherlands in 2017, and considered eligible for ROP screening. Anonymised data from ophthalmologists and paediatricians were merged. Outcome data were compared with the first national ROP inventory (NEDROP-1, 2009).ResultsIn 2017, 1492 infants were live born with gestational age (GA) <32 weeks (2009: 1662); 1287 infants were eligible for screening (2009: 2033). Ophthalmologists screened 1085 infants, versus 1688 in 2009, corrected with factor 1.114 for the difference in number of live births, a 28.4% (479/1688) decrease in screened infants was seen. Among surviving infants with GA <32 week, ROP was found in 305/1492 babies, 20.4% (2009: 324/1662, 19.5%) of which 49/1492 stage ≥3, 3.3% (2009: 30/1662, 1.8%). In all infants, report on presence or absence of plus disease was provided, according to the ETROP criteria. Treatment was performed in 39 infants. Of infants with ROP stage ≥3, 3/49 (6.1%) progressed to retinal detachment (2009: 6/30, 20.0%).ConclusionThe overall ROP incidence expressed as a percentage, remained stable but the number of infants that developed severe ROP nearly doubled. A near one-third reduction in screened infants shows satisfactory implementation of the new screening criteria. A notable decrease in retinal detachment delineates improved treatment outcome.

First Multilateral Well in the Most Congested Field in Abu Dhabi, Case of Study

This paper will highlight the first level 2 Multi-lateral well in BAB Field with permanent limited entry liner completion in the lower borehole to enhance accessibility and production. The well presents a technical milestone to the company in the development of multiple reservoir by combining two (2) wells from different reservoir and produce from both by using same surface well construction. At initial stage, the economics related to the implementation of the multilateral approach were analysed. Calculation was done by comparing the cost related to the technology application against the cost to prepare one (1) location plus completing a well up to the 7″ liner and mobilizing the rig twice. Then, it was necessary to select the candidate wells to be drilled from the same slot where synergy between Study team and drilling team was in place in order to ensure proper target alignment to make feasible the drilling and completion operations at the same time that the production targets were fulfilled. This project confirmed the feasibility of multilateral well application in a very congested field in terms of wells construction and surface facilities. In order to achieve such goal full synergy must be in place to select proper wells candidates and align targets. Cost reduction is massive considering the elimination of three (3) well phases plus avoidance of one (1) location construction and also the elimination of 1 rig move represents a big impact in terms of economics. Furthermore, the impact in terms of the risk reduction must be considered By combining two (2) wells in one (1) and eliminating three (3) phases in the standard well construction the harmful impact of location preparation, drilling fluids and cuttings on the environment is reduced by 45%, especially with oil base mud system. Geological problems can be observed during drilling each phase of a new well. However, drilling multilateral wells will reduce this occurrence. Well was completed with 7″× 4-1/2″ top packer, 4-1/2″ Slotted tubing and seven (7) swellable packers in lower borehole as well as Dual upper completion with 7″ single retrievable and 9-5/8″ dual retrievable packer and 2-7/8″ and 3-1/2″ tubing combination in both short and long string. This paper presents ADNOC Onshore first and successful experience in the deployment of new acquired technology for the Drilling multi-lateral / dual completion systems in BAB Field. The screening criteria for selecting the system as well as the benefits realized and lessons learned from this experience are also discussed together with the design simulations required to ensure the success of the well construction.