Patterning during somatic embryogenesis in Scots pine in relation to polar auxin transport and programmed cell death

The recognition of apoptosis (programmed cell death) as an accompaniment of normal development, the products released by the protoplasts undergoing self-destruction being utilized by adjacent living cells, stimulates renewed interest in Haberlandt's concept of "necrohormones" playing a role in apomictic reproduction. Recent work on somatic embryogenesis in carrot shows that regular death of certain cells in embryogenic cultures satifies the criteria of apoptosis. Similar observations have been made with embryogenic cultures of <em>Picea abies</em>. Haberlandt's claim that cell death induced by injury adjacent to an ovule in <em>Oenothera</em> could lead to parthenogenesis, despite conflicting evidence from later experimenters, is worthy of reexamination.

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Hemoglobins, programmed cell death and somatic embryogenesis

Plant Science ◽

10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.06.010 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 211 ◽

pp. 35-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Robert D. Hill ◽

Shuanglong Huang ◽

Claudio Stasolla

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Programmed Cell Death

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Role of HO for stress-induced programmed cell death during Fraxinus mandshurica somatic embryogenesis

IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future" ◽

10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-496 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

L. Jan ◽

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Fraxinus Mandshurica

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Two waves of programmed cell death occur during formation and development of somatic embryos in the gymnosperm, Norway spruce

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.113.24.4399 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 113 (24) ◽

pp. 4399-4411 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L.H. Filonova ◽

P.V. Bozhkov ◽

V.B. Brukhin ◽

G. Daniel ◽

B. Zhivotovsky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Norway Spruce ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Second Phase ◽

Embryo Suspensor ◽

Large Central Vacuole ◽

Suspensor Cells

In the animal life cycle, the earliest manifestations of programmed cell death (PCD) can already be seen during embryogenesis. The aim of this work was to determine if PCD is also involved in the elimination of certain cells during plant embryogenesis. We used a model system of Norway spruce somatic embryogenesis, which represents a multistep developmental pathway with two broad phases. The first phase is represented by proliferating proembryogenic masses (PEMs). The second phase encompasses development of somatic embryos, which arise from PEMs and proceed through the same sequence of stages as described for their zygotic counterparts. Here we demonstrate two successive waves of PCD, which are implicated in the transition from PEMs to somatic embryos and in correct embryonic pattern formation, respectively. The first wave of PCD is responsible for the degradation of PEMs when they give rise to somatic embryos. We show that PCD in PEM cells and embryo formation are closely interlinked processes, both stimulated upon withdrawal or partial depletion of auxins and cytokinins. The second wave of PCD eliminates terminally differentiated embryo-suspensor cells during early embryogeny. During the dismantling phase of PCD, PEM and embryo-suspensor cells exhibit progressive autolysis, resulting in the formation of a large central vacuole. Autolytic degradation of the cytoplasm is accompanied by lobing and budding-like segmentation of the nucleus. Nuclear DNA undergoes fragmentation into both large fragments of about 50 kb and multiples of approximately 180 bp. The tonoplast rupture is delayed until lysis of the cytoplasm and organelles, including the nucleus, is almost complete. The protoplasm then disappears, leaving a cellular corpse represented by only the cell wall. This pathway of cell dismantling suggests overlapping of apoptotic and autophagic types of PCD during somatic embryogenesis in Norway spruce.

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Role of hydrogen peroxide in stress-induced programmed cell death during somatic embryogenesis in Fraxinus mandshurica

Journal of Forestry Research ◽

10.1007/s11676-019-00908-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 767-777 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ling Yang ◽

Cheng Wei ◽

Chao Huang ◽

Hongnan Liu ◽

Dongyan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Cell Death ◽

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Fraxinus Mandshurica

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Mitochondrial bioenergetics linked to the manifestation of programmed cell death during somatic embryogenesis of Abies alba

Planta ◽

10.1007/s00425-009-1028-x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 231 (1) ◽

pp. 93-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Elisa Petrussa ◽

Alberto Bertolini ◽

Valentino Casolo ◽

Jana Krajňáková ◽

Francesco Macrì ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Abies Alba ◽

Mitochondrial Bioenergetics

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Full-Length Transcriptome Analysis of the ABCB, PIN/PIN-LIKES, and AUX/LAX Families Involved in Somatic Embryogenesis of Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21020453 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 453 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shengli Song ◽

Zhiping Wang ◽

Yamin Ren ◽

Hongmei Sun

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Single Molecule ◽

Genetic Information ◽

Auxin Transport ◽

Regulatory Mechanism ◽

Polar Auxin Transport ◽

Regulatory Mechanisms ◽

Smrt Sequencing ◽

First Time ◽

Somatic Embryo Induction

Plant cell totipotency is one of the 25 major topics in current scientific research, and somatic embryos are good experimental material for studying cell totipotency. Polar auxin transport plays an important regulatory role in somatic embryogenesis (SE). However, little is known about the auxin transport genes and their regulatory mechanisms in Lilium SE. In this study, we applied single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing to Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch. for the first time and obtained a total of 119,649 transcripts, of which 14 encoded auxin transport genes. Correlation analyses between somatic embryo induction and gene expression under different treatments revealed that auxin transport genes, especially ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter B family member 21 (ABCB21) and PIN-FORMED (PIN) LIKES 7 (PILS7), may be key players in SE, and the necessary duration of picloram (PIC) treatment to induce SE is as short as 3 days. Our research provides valuable genetic information on Lilium pumilum, elucidating the candidate auxin transport genes involved in SE and their influencing factors. This study lays a foundation for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of auxin transport in SE.

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Reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and plant cell death associated with caspase-like protease activity during somatic embryogenesis in Fraxinus mandshurica

Journal of Forestry Research ◽

10.1007/s11676-021-01392-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hao Wang ◽

Dongyan Zhang ◽

Juan Luis Fernández-Lorenzo ◽

Hailong Shen ◽

Ling Yang

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Cell Death ◽

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Protease Activity ◽

Oxygen Species

AbstractProgrammed cell death occurs in browning explants of Fraxinus mandshurica during somatic embryogenesis, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, single cotyledons of zygotic embryos of F. mandshurica were used as explants. Mitochondrial structure and function, caspase-3-like protease activity, hydrogen peroxide metabolism, and nitric oxide accumulation induced by high concentrations of sucrose and plant growth regulators were studied. The results show that plant growth regulators induced somatic embryogenesis and also promoted explant browning. High sucrose concentrations had similar effects. High concentrations of sucrose and plant growth regulators led to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide which induced changes in mitochondrial structure and function such as modifications in mitochondrial morphology, increased membrane permeability, decreased membrane potential, and the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. An increase in caspase-3-like protease activity triggered programmed cell death in some browning explant cells. During somatic embryogenesis there were increased activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, which are associated with hydrogen peroxide metabolism and jointly maintain reactive oxygen species levels. Intracellular nitric oxide synthase and nitrate reductase activities were not significantly correlated with nitric oxide content. Instead, intracellular nitric oxide may be derived from non-enzymatic reactions. Our results indicate that hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide may function as signals, playing key roles in somatic embryogenesis and programmed cell death of explant cells of F. mandshurica. The interaction between nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species determines the occurrence of programmed cell death in explant cells; somatic embryogenesis and programmed cell death are positively regulated by hydrogen peroxide. However, the regulation of nitric oxide is complex.

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