Investigating the effectiveness of discontinuous and layered coastal forest defense system against the inundating tsunami current

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Anjum ◽  
Norio Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Forest ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Tsunami Current

scholarly journals Energy Reduction of a Tsunami Current through a Hybrid Defense System Comprising a Sea Embankment Followed by a Coastal Forest

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashedunnabi Ali Hasan Muhammad ◽  
Norio Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Jump ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Energy Reduction ◽  
Defense System ◽  
System Combination ◽  
Flow Energy ◽  
Tsunami Current ◽  
Forest Models ◽  
Different Types

The 2011 Great East Japan tsunami revealed the limit of using natural or artificial infrastructures as a single tsunami countermeasure. In recent tsunami mitigation strategy, interest in a hybrid defense system (combination of natural and artificial infrastructures) rather than a single defense structure is growing, and a pilot project has already started in Japan. Clarification of flow structures within the hybrid defense system is necessary for designing an improved mitigation system. In addition, when a hydraulic jump is expected, its position should be restricted to a protected area for the resilience of the hybrid defense system. This study performed flume tests to elucidate the mitigation effect of a hybrid defense system comprising an embankment model (EM), followed by different types of single-layer emergent forest models (SLM) or vertical double-layer forest models (DLM). Different types of hydraulic jumps were observed within the defense system, jump position and their characteristics dominated the energy reduction downstream of SLM or DLM. Experimental results showed that this hybrid defense system reduced the flow energy to 30% and 40% of maximum for SLM and DLM, respectively, compared to only the single EM. Moreover, the position of the hydraulic jump was near the EM in the combination of EM and DLMs.

scholarly journals TSUNAMI DAMAGE MITIGATION EFFECT BY MULTIPLE DEFENSE SYSTEM USING COASTAL FOREST IN IWANUMA CITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. I_1459-I_1464
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki OHIRA ◽  
Akihiro HAYASHI ◽  
Kei YAMASHITA ◽  
Fumihiko IMAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Forest ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Damage Mitigation ◽  
Tsunami Damage

Effectiveness of a compound defense system of sea embankment and coastal forest against a tsunami

2018 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 246-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiya Igarashi ◽  
Norio Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Forest ◽  
Defense System

Development of antioxidative defense system of wheat seedlings in response to high light

1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neelam P. Mishra ◽  
Tasneem Fatma ◽  
Gauri S. Singhal
Keyword(s):  
High Light ◽  
Antioxidative Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Antioxidative Defense System

In Shortly about HIV and AIDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinisa Franjic
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Infected Mother ◽  
Unprotected Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus that causes AIDS in the event of untreated infection. The virus causes the weakness and inability of the organism's defense system. HIV disease is a chronic progressive process that begins with the onset of HIV virus into the body, and over time (in adults over 10 years), a gradual destruction of the immune system occurs. The host during the infection becomes vulnerable and is suffering from complications of opportunistic infections and malignancies. A person infected with HIV feels good until developing AIDS, does not notice any changes in health, and has no specific external signs of infection. The only way to detect infection at this stage is HIV testing. HIV is transmitted: unprotected sexual intercourse with the infected person, exchange of needles, syringes or accessories with infected persons when taking drugs, with infected mother on her baby before, during or after delivery (breastfeeding).

The distributed intelligent defense system

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK ROBINSON ◽  
TIMOTHY GIAMBRA ◽  
PETER KOGGE
Keyword(s):  
Defense System

Aftermath Effect Of GST On Consumer Purchasing Power

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
S. Thowseaf ◽  
M. Ayisha Millath ◽  
K. Malik Ali
Keyword(s):  
Living Standard ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Taxation System

Tax is an important source of income for the country. It is through tax; country strengthens its defense system, infrastructure, and government. Hence, tax system plays a predominant role in developing country’s economy. The complication in taxation system and liberty for taxpayers are key factors generating loopholes for corruption. GST is superior taxation system over VAT but, if neither properly implemented nor scrutinized according to the economy, it is people residing get affected.  GST taxation system is capable of increasing legal transaction, reducing corruption and complexity that exists in current taxation. India is 166th country to adopt GST and GST taxation slab in India is 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.  Although average Tax levied is 14.8750% in India, it is 28% tax that is levied for most of the commodities, which are directly or indirectly used in everyday life of common individuals. Despite, GST being favorable to distributor in-terms of profit and government to attain tax by increasing legal transaction through invoice. It is noted that for the same percentage of taxation, the amount does not vary for VAT and GST. The tax slab decreased for 71 commodities and no change in 21 commodities; there has been an increase in tax slab for 60 commodities. 26% taxation was levied for most commodities considered was currently levied by 28% taxation which is greater than before. It was found that average tax percentage reduced was calculated to be 6.07143. The average tax percentage increase was calculated to be 4.7833 percentage for the considered commodities. The overall tax average tax percentage is estimated to be 14.8750% which does not have a significant difference concerning tax levied before GST, which was calculated to be 15.7829% for considered commodities. Therefore, the consumer purchasing power and overall living standard of the individual in India will remain almost same.

Response of maize to field drought stress: oxidative defense system, osmolytes’ accumulation and photosynthetic pigments

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajjad Moharramnejad ◽  
Omid Sofalian ◽  
Mostafa Valizadeh ◽  
Ali Asghari ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Oxidative Defense ◽  
Osmolytes Accumulation ◽  
Stress Oxidative
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