Dimensionality Reduction Analysis of the Integrated Solar and Hydraulic Jump Enhanced Waste Stabilization Pond Model Parameters

The study investigated the structure of the integrated solar and hydraulic jump enhanced waste stabilization pond (ISHJEWSP) variables. Also, to determine the cluster of the most important variables that account for the performance of the ISHJEWSP using principal component analysis (PCA). Three sets of experimental ponds were constructed with varying locations of point of initiation of hydraulic jump. Wastewater samples collected from the inlet and outlet for varying inlet velocities were examined for physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics for a period of nine months. The Pearson’s R-matrix and KMO statistic were used in evaluating the structure of the variables. Consequently, the variables of temperature, pH, algae concentration, solar radiation, and locations of the point of initiation of hydraulic jump were subjected to PCA. Two components had eigenvalues above the Jolliffe’s criterion and in combination explained 90.66% of the total variance. The inflexion of the scree plot justified the retained components. The analysis after rotation revealed that the parameters of pH, temperature, solar radiation, and algal concentration loaded highly to component 1. This underscores the precedence of ambient climatic conditions, alongside the state of the wastewater in general, to the inlet velocity and location of point of initiation of hydraulic jump.

High-Resolution Modeling of Mesoscale Circulation in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over a Complex Coastal Area

We evaluated the performance of the high-resolution (333 m) Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in simulating the flow structure at a complex coastal site in Boseong, South Korea, on 15 July 2018, against observations obtained from a 300 m tower and radiosonde, and analyzed the model results to interpret the measurements. The study site is surrounded by mountains, valleys, and bays, and is adjacent to the South Sea; thus, it is influenced by terrain-forced flow and thermally driven circulation. The study day was characterized by the development of nighttime low-level wind maximum (LLWM) and daytime sea breeze under weak synoptic wind conditions. Although the WRF model simulated the onset and cessation of a sea breeze later than was observed, it showed good skill in reproducing the near-surface temperatures, wind vectors, and vertical profiles of potential temperatures and wind vectors in the atmospheric boundary layer at the study site. We analyzed the model results at 05:30 and 14:30 LST when the model’s performance was good for wind. At 05:30 LST, hydraulic jump produced weak wind conditions below 300 m above ground level (AGL), and westerly down-valley flow developed near the surface, leading to an LLWM. At 14:30 LST, heating over land produced a thermal high over land at 1800 m AGL, counteracting the synoptic pressure gradient, and leading to weak wind conditions at this level. We performed three sensitivity simulations to examine the dependence of flow structure on the horizontal and vertical resolution. The results show that an early-morning hydraulic jump can be simulated by applying a high-resolution model in both the horizontal and vertical grids, and the simulated onset and cessation times of the sea breeze depend on the model’s resolution. The dependence of flow structure on the model resolution has been discussed.

Hydraulic model experiment of energy dissipation on the horizontal and USBR II stilling basin

Flow conditions on overflow systems can result in construction failure, mainly due to the high flow energy. Stilling basin at downstream of the spillway is useful for reducing flow energy. It can reduce the destructive force of water flow. Controlling the hydraulic jump is an important part that includes the jump’s energy, length, and height. The physical hydraulic model was carried out with several series, by making a series of bottom lowering of horizontal and USBR II stilling basin. The experimental study is expected to represent flow behavior in the overflow system regarding flow conditions and energy dissipation. Based on the analytical calculation of flow velocity, the amount of flow energy that occurs at each control point is calculated. The control points are the starting point of the spillway, the chute way toe, and flow depth after the hydraulic jump. The energy loss can be calculated for each control point, while the efficiency of energy dissipation on stilling basin is calculated at the downstream flow depth after the hydraulic jump. Velocity calculated by dividing discharge per unit width by water depth which is based on the flow depth measurement data in the hydraulic model.

Effect of channel slope and roughness on hydraulic jump in open channel flow

An experimental study is conducted on hydraulic jump characteristics for understanding the impact of slope in an open channel flume. Hydraulic jump on different channel characteristics (horizontal smooth & rough and sloping smooth & rough) were analysed. The measured characteristics of hydraulic jump with different channel roughness and different slope were compared. The results showed that the sequent depth ratio (y2/y1 ) increases with the increase in Froude number (Fr1 ) for smooth horizontal bed and horizontal rough bed. It was also observed that with an increase in Fr1 , a decrease in y2/y1 in smooth sloping bed condition and decreases for rough sloping bed. New empirical relationships were also developed with the experimental data and results were found similar with the observed hydraulic characteristics data.

Depositional Model for Turbidite Lobes in Complex Slope Settings Along Transform Margins: The Motta San Giovanni Formation (Miocene—Calabria, Italy)

Intraslope lobes, or perched lobes, are attracting scientific interest because they represent a key archive between the shelf and the deep basin plain when looking at a complete source-to-sink depositional system across a continental margin and can form significant offshore hydrocarbon plays. In this study, we focus on a detailed characterization of intraslope lobes of the Motta San Giovanni Formation (Miocene, Calabria), which were deposited in confined conditions during the Miocene along a transform margin. We determine the typical facies associations and stratigraphic architecture of these intraslope lobes using a 3D digital outcrop model resulting from a combined Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and walking acquisition, together with sedimentological logging and geological mapping. We propose recognition criteria for the identification of intraslope lobes, including facies and geometries, integrated within a depositional model. A comparison with other well-known intraslope and confined lobes, as well as basin floor lobes, is finally discussed, to highlight the peculiarities of intraslope lobes deposited along transform margins. The diagnostic depositional model for these types of intraslope lobes includes four main stages of evolution: 1) Stage 1—isolated detached lobe precursor in response to a flushed hydraulic jump, 2) Stage 2—prograding and aggrading lobe elements associated with a relatively stable and submerged hydraulic jump in the Channel-Lobe Transition Zone (CLTZ), 3) Stage 3—major bypass associated with lateral accretion and local aggradation interpreted as a renewal of a normal hydraulic jump in the CTLZ, and 4) Stage 4—erosion and bypass then abandonment. The development of intraslope lobes along active transform margins is allowed by tectonically induced slope segmentation and local confinement. In such a context, flow stripping and overspill processes occurred. Resulting lobes appear to be particularly small and relatively thin sandy deposits. They could be considered end-member in a lobe classification based on the Net-to-Gross content (high) and taking into account their thickness/width ratio (intermediate between 10:1 and 100:1 lines).