Systematic Input–Output Mapping Reveals Structural Plasticity of VTA Dopamine Neurons-Zona Incerta Loop Underlying the Social Buffering Effects in Learned Helplessness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Cai ◽  
Pei Zhang ◽  
Guangjian Qi ◽  
Lijun Zhang ◽  
Tongxia Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Structural Plasticity ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Social Buffering ◽  
The Social ◽  
Output Mapping ◽  
Buffering Effects

scholarly journals Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by Systematic Input-Output Mapping

Cell ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin T. Beier ◽  
Elizabeth E. Steinberg ◽  
Katherine E. DeLoach ◽  
Stanley Xie ◽  
Kazunari Miyamichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Mapping

A Simple Inter-Industry Model of Pakistan, with an Application to Pakistan's Sixth Five-Year Plan

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 531-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suleiman I. Cohen ◽  
Ivo C. Havinga ◽  
Mohammad Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Econometric Model ◽  
Social Accounting Matrix ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Social Accounting ◽  
Output Table ◽  
The Social ◽  
Market Relations ◽  
Industry Relations ◽  
Current Modelling

The macro-econometric model of Pakistan's economy by Naqvi et al. (3) is the first completed work in a renewed effort to model significant economic and social activities and issues in Pakistan. One of the current modelling efforts in which the authors are participating aims at combining elements from the macro-econometric model, inter-industry relations, factor market relations, and social accounting frameworks. This effort is now made possible by the compilation of the relevant statistics relating to an input-output table and the social accounting matrix ....................................................................................................

scholarly journals Designing of a reversible fault tolerant booth multiplier

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Md M Rahman ◽  
Md M Hossain ◽  
Lafifa Jamal ◽  
S Nowrin
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Quantum Cost ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Booth Multiplier ◽  
Output Mapping ◽  
Result Analysis ◽  
Cost Parameters

Conventional logic dissipates more power by losing bits of information whereas reversibility recovers bit loss from the unique input-output mapping. This paper presents the design of a reversible fault tolerant booth multiplier which can multiply both signed and unsigned numbers. The proposed circuit tolerant designed using only fault tolerant reversible gates. Thus the entire scheme inherently becomes fault tolerant. Several theorems on the numbers of gates, garbage outputs, quantum cost of the proposed design have been presented to show the efficiency of the design. The result analysis shows that the proposed design is optimized in terms of all cost parameters. The simulation of the proposed circuit verifies the correctness of the circuit.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(3), 199-204, 2018

scholarly journals Structural plasticity of the social brain: Differential change after socio-affective and cognitive mental training

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. e1700489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofie L. Valk ◽  
Boris C. Bernhardt ◽  
Fynn-Mathis Trautwein ◽  
Anne Böckler ◽  
Philipp Kanske ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Plasticity ◽  
Mental Training ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
Differential Change ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals Early Postnatal Administration of Growth Hormone Increases Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neuron Numbers in Ames Dwarf Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (7) ◽  
pp. 3277-3285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina E. Khodr ◽  
Sara Clark ◽  
Alex F. Bokov ◽  
Arlan Richardson ◽  
Randy Strong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Brdu Incorporation ◽  
Neuron Development ◽  
Ames Dwarf Mice ◽  
Ames Dwarf ◽  
Catecholamine Histofluorescence ◽  
Pituitary Prolactin ◽  
Dwarf Mice

Hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons secrete dopamine, which inhibits pituitary prolactin (PRL) secretion. PRL has demonstrated neurotrophic effects on TIDA neuron development in PRL-, GH-, and TSH-deficient Ames (df/df) and Snell (dw/dw) dwarf mice. However, both PRL and PRL receptor knockout mice exhibit normal-sized TIDA neuron numbers, implying GH and/or TSH influence TIDA neuron development. The current study investigated the effect of porcine (p) GH on TIDA neuron development in Ames dwarf hypothalamus. Normal (DF/df) and dwarf mice were treated daily with pGH or saline beginning at 3 d of age for a period of 42 d. After treatment, brains were analyzed using catecholamine histofluorescence, tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunocytochemistry to detect BrdU incorporation. DF/df males and df/df treated with pGH experienced increased (P ≤ 0.01) weight gain compared with those treated with saline. DF/df had greater (P ≤ 0.01) TIDA neuron numbers than df/df, regardless of treatment. TIDA neuron number in pGH-treated df/df was greater (P ≤ 0.01) than in saline-treated df/df. Zona incerta and periventricular dopamine neurons were not affected by treatment or genotype. There was no effect of genotype or treatment on BrdU incorporation in the arcuate nucleus, median eminence, or periventricular region surrounding the third ventricle. Saline-treated df/df experienced decreased (P ≤ 0.05) dentate gyrus BrdU incorporation compared with saline-treated DF/df. In the lateral ventricle, pGH-treated males had greater BrdU immunoreactivity than pGH-treated females. The results show an effect of pGH on TIDA neuron development, although this effect is less potent than that of PRL, and likely GH-induced preservation of TIDA neurons rather than generation of new TIDA neurons via neurogenesis.

scholarly journals Defensive Aggregation (Huddling) in Rattus Norvegicus toward Predator Odor: Individual Differences, Social Buffering Effects and Neural Correlates

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. e68483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Bowen ◽  
Richard C. Kevin ◽  
Matthew May ◽  
Lauren G. Staples ◽  
Glenn E. Hunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Predator Odor ◽  
Social Buffering ◽  
Buffering Effects

scholarly journals Development of the Social Inventory Database in Thailand Using Input–Output Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 7684-7713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seksan Papong ◽  
Norihiro Itsubo ◽  
Pomthong Malakul ◽  
Masanori Shukuya
Keyword(s):  
Input Output ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Input Output Analysis ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals Altered ERK1/2 Signaling in the Brain of Learned Helpless Rats: Relevance in Vulnerability to Developing Stress-Induced Depression

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogesh Dwivedi ◽  
Hui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Cellular Signaling ◽  
Structural Plasticity ◽  
Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase ◽  
Catalytic Activities ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Protein Expressions ◽  
The Brain

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2- (ERK1/2-) mediated cellular signaling plays a major role in synaptic and structural plasticity. Although ERK1/2 signaling has been shown to be involved in stress and depression, whether vulnerability to develop depression is associated with abnormalities in ERK1/2 signaling is not clearly known. The present study examined ERK1/2 signaling in frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats that showed vulnerability (learned helplessness, (LH)) or resiliency (non-learned helplessness, (non-LH)) to developing stress-induced depression. In frontal cortex and hippocampus of LH rats, we found that mRNA and protein expressions of ERK1 and ERK2 were significantly reduced, which was associated with their reduced activation and phosphorylation in cytosolic and nuclear fractions, where ERK1 and ERK2 target their substrates. In addition, ERK1/2-mediated catalytic activities and phosphorylation of downstream substrates RSK1 (cytosolic and nuclear) and MSK1 (nuclear) were also lower in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of LH rats without any change in their mRNA or protein expression. None of these changes were evident in non-LH rats. Our study indicates that ERK1/2 signaling is differentially regulated in LH and non-LH rats and suggests that abnormalities in ERK1/2 signaling may be crucial in the vulnerability to developing depression.

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