Problems of Formation of System Thinking in Modern Russian Education

The construction of new, market-based economic relations in Russia in the early 90s of the last century was accompanied by a radical transformation of the education system to the Bologna standard. At the same time, Western scientists - teachers drew attention to the work on the cognitive development of the child by L.S. Vygotsky, the theory of developmental education by P.Ya. Galperin, the theory of inventive problem solving by G.S. Altshuller and the results of research by other scientists providing the formation of systems thinking in Soviet education. The article shows that the documents regulating the development of Russian education include the formation of systematic and critical thinking in students, but in practice this is not always implemented. The directions of transformation of the Russian education system since the beginning of building market relations in the 90s of the last century are identified as the cause of the current situation. The formation of systems thinking in higher education should consider the peculiarities of the age dynamics of adults. The most developed figurative and verbal thinking among students makes it possible to use the teaching methods of V.F. Shatalov, which reduces the time for studying educational materials by more than 30 times in comparison with classical teaching methods.

FORMATION OF MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN BASED ON COMPETENCE APPROACH

The article examines some aspects of the formation of the moral consciousness of modern schoolchildren on the basis of one of the leading methodological principles - the competence-based approach. Large-scale changes taking place in various spheres of society, new social and economic reality, developing market relations, digitalization, modernization of Russian education require a revision of the strategy and tactics of educating the younger generation in terms of solving the problems of forming high moral qualities of the personality of students, including primary school age. But is a modern teacher competent enough to successfully cope with the multitasking of real pedagogical reality, including the moral education of schoolchildren? The study of the problem under consideration in theory and in practice shows that moral education is significant, first of all, because it permeates all aspects of education: mental, aesthetic, physical, labor, environmental, etc. Hence, its backbone nature is obvious. Any human action presupposes a moral aspect, including the regulatory function of morality. All of the above served as the basis for choosing the topic of the article. According to the authors, the results and conclusion of this article can, to a certain extent, actualize the problem of the formation of the moral consciousness of primary schoolchildren from the standpoint of the competence-based approach and outline ways to solve it.

Wood Industry in the Region of the Dráva at the Age of Dualism

The purpose of the study. In the rapidly industrializing Hungary, the wood industry became an important economic branch in the country by the beginning of the 20th century, which also played a significant role in the country’s foreign trade. This industry was extremely important in the area I studied, as the forest cover along the Dráva was above the national average, and the quality of the forest stock also had an international reputation. In the last third of the 19th century, domestic and foreign demand for wood products increased, which was accompanied by an increase in the purchase prices of wood raw materials. Applied methods. I involved sources from monographies, employment and census records, and my own data from researches of archives. In my study I present the larger wood companies in the region, the results of the plants, the operation and extent of the industry, and their market relations. I also made a structural analysis examining the entrepreneur and its business together. Outcomes. During this period, the logistical and transportation possibilities of the region improved, as the railway lines – built almost completely until the war – networked the region. In addition to transport on the river, crossing opportunities also increased, so the raw material could reach a processing unit more and more quickly. In the age of dualism, a strong stratum of forest owners and entrepreneurs in the wood industry developed. Major wood industry enterprises were established mainly in the larger estates (Bellye, Dárda, Barcs, Berzence) or through citizenship in the territory of certain large municipalities. Outstanding among these was the Beliscian plant beyond the Dráva, which in two decades had become the largest timber company in Central Europe, employing thousands of people.

"Local" consumption of art projects and motivation of the "local" consumers

"Local" consumption of art projects and motivation of the "local" consumers The purpose of the article. Research and analysis of consumer motivations of fine arts products, based on algorithms of marketing technologies. The research methodology is to apply comparative, empirical, and theoretical methods. This methodological approach allows us to analyze the motivations of consumers of works of art who prefer to be fascinated by fine arts through the Internet, social networks, television programs, followed by the use of research results in marketing processes to promote works of art in the art market. The scientific novelty lies in the expansion of ideas about the motivation of consumers of the market of fine arts on the Internet, television programs, and in the study of further marketing processes in the art market. The article analyzes the algorithms of marketing technologies in the analysis of motivations for "home" consumption of products of the fine arts market. The article finds that in art marketing it is relevant and necessary to study the behavior of Internet consumers of works of art, analyzing the situation of "home" consumption of works of art. In art marketing, technologies for studying and analyzing the motivations of Internet consumers of works of art in promoting an art product on the art market are gradually being developed. Analysis of the motivations of Internet consumers of art markets makes it possible to more objectively segment the participants of market relations. Conclusions. The article identifies and analyzes the model of "home" online consumption of fine arts, as well as art projects, and, accordingly, describes the segment of online consumers of works of art at home using television, the Internet, and other means of communication. It is also proved that the behavior of the "home" consumer in art marketing is determined by three mandatory components: Individual - Product - Situation. It is on these components that the types of motivation are formed, on which the model of consumption and consumer behavior is built. Thus, we have studied Individuals who consume works of art and art projects, which in turn are Products presented in the form of printed or electronic images, and we have studied Situations of "home" consumption of works of art and art projects. Keywords: art market, marketing research, relationships of marketing, motivation of consumers of works of art, art projects, "home" consumption of works of art, behavior of consumers of art market.

Stosowanie przepisów o formie czynności prawnych, jako instrument kontroli obrotu prawnego w perspektywie orzecznictwa SN w latach 1964–1989

The regulation of civil law transactions during the Polish People’s Republic took place on many different levels. Among other things, the scope of state control over the performance of legal transactions also involved the obligation to document them. At the normative level, the code institution of the form of legal transactions reflected classical civilist concepts, typical for free-market relations. The aim of the study is to determine to what extent the principle of freedom of form expressed in the Civil Code was respected in practice, and to what extent the application of the rules on form made them another tool at the disposal of the totalitarian state to control transactions. Judicial jurisprudence seems to be the most appropriate area to analyze this problem. The article presents selected theses of the Supreme Court relating to the application of regulations on the form of legal transactions, formulated in the years 1964–1989, that is, from the enactment of the Civil Code to the beginning of the political and economic transformation towards democracy and free-market economy. The main considerations are preceded by a presentation of the code regulation of the form of legal actions with an indication of the basic functions, which — in the intention of the authors of the Civil Code — were ascribed to the form of legal actions. The part of the study devoted to the discussion of the jurisprudence explains, first of all, how the principle of the freedom of form was understood and how the provisions on the special form and the consequences of failing to observe it were applied. The conclusions that emerge from the analysis do not allow us to formulate a thesis about an ideological interpretation by the Supreme Court. In particular, it cannot be confirmed that the use of provisions on form testified to their instrumentalization. This leads us to reflect that the political conditions of the communist period did not preclude the Supreme Court from interpreting the law in a fully autonomous manner. For this reason, much of the case law from that period is still relevant.

Mari of Udmurtia: Factors of Preserving Traditional Culture in Modern Conditions

The factors of preservation and intergenerational transmission of the traditional culture of the local group of Mari living in the territory of Udmurtia in a different ethnic environment is examined in the article. The source basis of the article was the field ethnographic materials collected in 2007 among the Mari of the Karakulinsky region of the Udmurt Republic and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The socio-economic situation of the respondents, the established mechanisms of adaptation to market relations, the preservation of traditional rituals and holidays, material and spiritual culture, the use of the native language, ethno-demographic processes, the activities of the Mari community to support ethnic culture are showed in the work. The author notes that the historically formed mechanism for ensuring the viability of the Mari society includes practices of demographic behavior, ethnic socialization of youth, reproduction of elements of spiritual and religious culture (prayers, family and calendar rituals, songs) and the material world (national costume, elements of architecture, musical instruments, national cuisine), the use of the Mari language. It has been proven that the ritual sphere of the Mari is undergoing transformations, but at the same time it continues to remain an inseparable part of the life of the people. In the course of the work, it was also revealed that the local group of Mari in modern conditions for self-preservation needs to constantly generate ethnic markers based on traditional culture. The key role in this is assigned to the village community, educational institutions and public organizations.

SOCIAL MOOD AND ADAPTATION OF ETHNIC GROUPS TO THE MARKET ECONOMY (according to ethnosociological surveys in Bashkortostan)

On the basis of ethnosociological surveys, the social mood and adaptive behavior of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan to the market economy are considered. On the basis of ethnosociological data, the self-assessment by ethnic groups of their material and financial situation is revealed. One of the negative factors affecting social mood was the economic crisis after the Crimean events and the beginning of the pandemic. The survey also showed that market relations have made certain adjustments to the social stratification and differentiation of society. Despite this, as the results of the survey showed, the majority of the population of the republic looks to the future with hope and optimism.

Education in Post-Soviet Russia: Marketisation, Financialisation and Bureacratisation – The Case of Universities

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, market relations and institutions have begun vigorously penetrating not only the fields of production and services, but also the social sphere. In this text, the author reveals the contradictions implicit in the transformations that over 30 years have occurred in post-Soviet Russia in the field of education and that have seen the total marketisation of this area. As an example, the article examines Russian universities. The process of marketisation of university education has taken the direct forms of the establishment of private universities and the introduction of paid tuition in state universities, and also of changes to the administrative structures of universities, to the content of instruction programmes, and to assessment of the quality of the education received by students as well as of the outcomes of the activity both of university teachers and of the institutions as a whole.

Management of Hotel and Restaurant Complex on the Basis of Energy Efficiency

Topicality. Sustainable development of hotel and restaurant industry appears to be not possible without a reliable, stable, reasonable provision of energy resources. Rational and economical consumption of energy resources determines energy efficiency of their operation, and plays a leading role in ensuring the economic growth of blighty enterprises in the service sector. Stable functioning and growth of the economic potential in market relations conditions are constantly becoming the priority in the development of hospitality sphere enterprises. They mainly depend on the availability of energy efficiency. The subject of this study is the formation of the energy efficiency strategy, that will support the coordination of the senior management actions in solving some problems of the energy efficiency providing the hotel and restaurant complex operation. The purpose of this research lies in theoretical and methodological substantiation of the importance and place of the energy efficiency system in strategic management of the hotel and restaurant complex. Research methods: monographic analysis, abstraction and morphological analysis, groups and classifications. Main results and conclusions. According to the obtained research results, the essence and sequence of the stages of energy efficiency management in hotel and restaurant complex are defined. The correlations between the energy efficiency strategy of the hotel and restaurant complex, and the mechanism of its management are formed. The algorithm of energy efficiency strategy elaboration in the hotel and restaurant complex is offered, as well as its components are substantiated.

Financial risk management in the accounting system

The article is devoted to the study of financial instruments in conditions of economic uncertainty. Based on a study of national and international statistics and theoretical resources related to the restructuring of socio-economic and geopolitical ties, due to the rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, its implications for accounting for financial instruments and disclosure of financial statements in accordance with International Financial Standards Reporting. A combination of factors such as rising unemployment, falling demand for goods, bans and restrictions on doing business, severance of international ties, reorientation of markets to domestic consumption, rising risks of bankruptcy and default have led to the formation of economic uncertainty, which is most threatened by business initiative. Economic uncertainty, which gradually changes from sudden to prolonged, has a direct impact on the business activity of enterprises, in particular, on their financial instruments. The pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus has become a great challenge for participants in economic relations, who during the years of stability have managed to get used to stable market relations. The pandemic, which humanity has been struggling with for almost two years, has affected the entire system of social relations. At the beginning of the deployment of anti-epidemiological measures, the world economy was not ready to distance the production process. Economic indicators, which are an indicator of the development of individual states, demonstrate the vulnerability of sustainable socio-economic relations that existed before the COVID-19 pandemic. The potential impact of the coronavirus outbreak on financial instruments has been assessed in such areas as increased expected credit losses, modification of financial assets and liabilities, losses under financial guarantee agreements accounted for in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, and reduced hedge effectiveness.