scholarly journals Further tests of the scarcity and luxury hypotheses in dispositional greed: Evidence from two large-scale Dutch and American samples

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlijn Hoyer ◽  
Marcel Zeelenberg ◽  
Seger M. Breugelmans
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Only Children ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Childhood Socioeconomic Status

AbstractA recent, large-scale study among Chinese adolescents found that childhood socioeconomic status (CSES) was positively related to dispositional greed (i.e., the “luxury hypothesis”), instead of negatively related (i.e., the “scarcity hypothesis”; Liu et al., 2019c). This relationship was found for only-children, not for children with siblings. The generalizability of these findings may be limited, due to China’s one-child policy and socioeconomic policies which may have led to fewer differences in wealth. We replicated this research in two other cultural contexts that represent markedly different socioeconomic policies in order to test its generalizability: the Netherlands (Study 1, N = 2367, 51.3% female, Mage = 54.06, SD = 17.90), and the USA (Study 2, N = 999, 50.1% female, Mage = 33.44, SD = 12.28). Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted to test the association between CSES and greed. We mostly replicated the findings by Liu et al. (2019c): CSES was positively related to greed in both studies (“luxury hypothesis”) and there was a moderating effect of siblings in Study 1, but not in Study 2. Implications for theories on greed as well as future research on the association between CSES and greed are discussed.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Financial Sustainability of China’s New Rural Pension Plan: Does the Demographic Policy Reform Matter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 5110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Wang ◽  
Jianyuan Huang ◽  
Shuangyue Sun
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Pension Plan ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Demographic Policy

Rural China is experiencing a rapid aging process caused by low fertility and large-scale rural-to-urban migration, which will place an increasing payment burden on the rural pension plan. To allay the negative impact of the aging transition, China has recently carried out a demographic policy reform, replacing the famous one-child policy with the two-child policy. This paper evaluates the impacts of the demographic policy reform on the financial sustainability of China’s New Rural Pension Plan (NRPP). By applying the cohort component population projection method and building actuarial models, the solvency sustainability of the NRPP between 2019 and 2080 is estimated under six demographic policy scenarios, followed by sensitivity analysis. The simulation results show that under the one-child policy, the current and the accumulated pension fund would run deficits in 2030 and 2042, and then the pension deficits would expand rapidly. The two-child policy would relieve the pension pressure moderately before 2075, but thereafter, the pension deficits would become much worse. Sensitivity analysis of a series of demographics and pension parameters on the financial sustainability of the NRPP are displayed. On average, the long-term pension gap may not be avoided for the NRPP, regardless of raising the contribution rate, delaying the retirement age, or encouraging people to have more children.

scholarly journals Social ecology of intelligence and suicide in the United States revisited

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Voracek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
National Assessment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa

State and oversea territory scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) domains of Mathematics, Reading, Science, and Writing (grades 4 and 8, averaged across assessments 1992-2005) were not reliably related to the suicide rates of these geographical units. The ecological (aggregate-level) correlations were modest, ranging from -.11 to .10, and did not change with controls for regional affluence (gross domestic product). While positive ecological correlations between regional intelligence and suicide mortality have been reported within several other countries (Austria, Belarus, Denmark, Ireland and The United Kingdom, and The Netherlands), the current results add to the inconsistent findings from four previous related studies (by Abel and Kruger and by Voracek) about the direction and magnitude of this correlation within the USA. Possible reasons for this conflicting set of findings and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Do only children have poor vision? Evidence from China's One-Child Policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1131-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqiu Zhao ◽  
Minghai Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Poor Vision ◽  
Only Children ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy

scholarly journals Early life adversity is associated with diminished social trust in adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Mell ◽  
Lou Safra ◽  
Perline Demange ◽  
Yann Algan ◽  
Nicolas Baumard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Childhood Conditions ◽  
European Values ◽  
Childhood Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Prosocial Behaviours

Social trust is at the center of democratic societies but it varies considerably between individuals and societies, which deeply affects a range of prosocial behaviours. Socioeconomic status has been iden- tified as an important predictor of such variability. Although this association has mostly been reported for measures of socioeconomic status taken in adulthood, recent studies have found unique effects of harsh conditions experienced during childhood on social trust as- sessed decades later. Here, we report a series of three studies that provide further support for the long-lasting association between early childhood conditions and social trust. The first study revealed that higher childhood socioeconomic status was associated with greater so- cial trust in a diverse sample of French participants (N=915), even after adjusting for current socioeconomic status. The second study replicated this result using data from the European Values Study, an independent large-scale survey of 46 European countries (N=66,281). Finally, the last study found a similar association between socioe- conomic status and willingness to invest in a trust game (N=60 in original study, N=75 in replication study).

scholarly journals Large-Scale Bicycle Flow Experiment: Setup and Implementation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Gavriilidou ◽  
Maria J. Wierbos ◽  
Winnie Daamen ◽  
Yufei Yuan ◽  
Victor L. Knoop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Flow Experiment ◽  
Data Collections ◽  
Cycling Behavior ◽  
Cycling Experiment

Cycling research at the operational behavioral level is limited, mainly because of the lack of empirical data. To overcome this data shortage, we performed a controlled, large-scale cycling experiment in the Netherlands. In this paper we describe the methodology for setting up and implementing such an experiment, from the motivation of its design using a conceptual model describing cyclist behavior to adjustments that were required during the experiment. The main contribution of this paper is, therefore, to be used as a guide in future experimental data collections. Moreover, we present the characteristics of the participants and their bicycles, and provide a qualitative description of phenomena observed during the experiment. Finally, we elaborate on the potential that the collected dataset holds for future research into understanding and modeling operational cycling behavior.

China’s Only Children and Their Spillover Effects on Academic Performance in the Classroom

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haining Wang ◽  
Rong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Only Child ◽  
Only Children ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
The One

Abstract This paper examines the causal effect of students who are the only child in their family on the academic performance of their classmates, exploiting the random assignment of students to classes within schools in China. We find that a higher proportion of classmates as the only child in their family improves the academic outcomes of students in the same classroom. We also find evidence of positive but heterogeneous peer effects by student and class characteristics. Our findings suggest that the academic performance of Chinese students has benefited indirectly from the one-child policy because of this positive peer influence within the classroom.

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