Effect of urban habitat heterogeneity on functional traits plasticity of the invasive species Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emad Farahat ◽  
Tarek Galal ◽  
Maha El-Midany ◽  
Loutfy Hassan
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Rogers ◽  
Salit Kark

Abstract This chapter describes the competition for critical resources, the species interacting over the resource and the functional traits that influence interaction frequency and outcome between native and invasive bird species.


2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 994-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabia Mathakutha ◽  
Christien Steyn ◽  
Peter C. le Roux ◽  
Izak J. Blom ◽  
Steven L. Chown ◽  
...  

Ecology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Funk ◽  
Rachel J. Standish ◽  
William D. Stock ◽  
Fernando Valladares

Author(s):  
Marija Milanović ◽  
Ingolf Kühn ◽  
Petr Pyšek ◽  
Sonja Knapp

AbstractAlien species in urban areas have a large effect on overall species diversity. A suitable metric of flora’s response to environmental change is functional diversity (FD) that refers to the multivariate space of species’ trait compositions, reflecting their ecological niches. We studied how FD changed over 320 years of urbanization in the city of Halle (Saale), Germany. Selected functional traits (related to stress-tolerance, reproduction, competitiveness and phenology) were examined for the difference in FD between native and alien plant species, the latter specifically for archaeophytes, neophytes and invasive species. Functional diversity for each trait was calculated using Rao’s Q index followed by a linear model to test for changes in Rao’s Q over time between the groups. Over the 320 years, overall FD remained constant despite species turnover, but FD significantly increased for neophytes and invasive species compared to native species. Plant height was the only trait showing increase in FD as main effect, while for the other traits examined FD decreased over time. Considering invasive species separately, the majority of traits exhibit a significant increase in FD except for seed mass where it decreased. Finally, FD of multiple functional traits combined decreased over time. This can be due to homogenization of functional trait between native and alien species, as a consequence of habitats becoming more similar and subsequent habitat filtering. Our results demonstrate that during the last three centuries, urbanization influenced plant FD in various ways and may contribute to future uniformity of urban floras and greater invasiveness.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1484
Author(s):  
Claudio Urbano Bittencourt Pinheiro ◽  
Jairo Fernando Pereira Linhares

Uma espécie exótica invasora é definida como uma planta estranha que se propaga naturalmente em habitats naturais ou seminaturais, produzindo mudanças na composição, estrutura ou nos processos dos ecossistemas. No Brasil, os registros da dimensão do problema são deficientes, embora várias espécies já sejam consagradas como invasoras. No Maranhão, não havia nenhum estudo sobre espécies vegetais invasoras, embora registros e observações indiquem invasões em variados ambientes. Na ilha de São Luís, a invasão de áreas por um número de espécies tem se tornado aparente, com muitos pontos das áreas dos municípios invadidos por espécies vegetais introduzidas. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal levantar, identificar, quantificar e mapear as espécies invasoras vegetais na ilha de São Luís. Foram localizadas e identificadas cinco espécies invasoras principais que vêm ocupando e modificando ambientes na ilha de São Luís. São elas: 1) Leucena - Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. (Fabaceae); 2) Amendoeira - Terminalia cattapa L. (Combretaceae); 3) Fios de Ouro - Cuscuta racemosa Mart. (Convolvulaceae); 4) Saco de Velho - Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton (Apocynaceae); 5) Acácia Australiana - Acacia mangium Willd. (Fabaceae). Estas cinco espécies invasoras foram localizadas e amostradas em 420 pontos nos quatro municípios da ilha. As áreas invadidas foram amostradas com relação às espécies invasoras e também em relação às espécies acompanhantes principais. Imagem aérea da ilha de São Luís foi utilizada para localizar as formações vegetais e produzir um mapa de distribuição das espécies invasoras na ilha de São Luís.   A B S T R A C TAn alien invasive species is defined as a strange plant that propagates naturally in natural or semi-natural habitats, producing changes in the composition, structure or processes of ecosystems. In Brazil, records of the scale of the problem are deficient, although several species are already known as invasive. In Maranhão there were no studies on invasive plant species, although records and observations indicate invasions in various environments. On the island of São Luís, invasion by a number of species has become apparent, with many areas of the municipalities invaded by introduced plant species. The main objective of this study was to identify, quantify and map the invasive plant species on the island of São Luís. Five main invasive species were located and identified that have been occupying and modifying environments on the island of São Luís: 1) Leucena - Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit. (Fabaceae); 2) Amendoeira - Terminalia cattapa L. (Combretaceae); 3) Fios de Ouro - Cuscuta racemosa Mart. (Convolvulaceae); 4) Saco de Velho - Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton (Apocynaceae); 5) Acacia Australiana - Acacia mangium Willd. (Fabaceae). These five invasive species were located and sampled at 420 sites in the four municipalities of the island. The invaded areas were sampled in relation to the invasive species and also in relation to the main accompanying species. An aerial image of the island of São Luís was used to locate plant formations and to produce a distribution map of the invasive species on the island of São Luís.Keywords: Invasive Species, Sampling, Mapping, São Luís, Maranhão


2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. Rodríguez–Pastor ◽  
◽  
J. C. Senar ◽  
A. Ortega ◽  
J. Faus ◽  
...  

Several invasive species have been shown to have a marked preference for urban habitats. The study of the variables responsible for the distribution of these species within urban habitats should allow to predict which environmental variables are indicative of preferred habitat, and to design landscape characteristics that make these areas less conducive to these species. The Monk parakeet Myiopsitta monachus is an invasive species in many American and European countries, and cities are one of its most usual habitats in invaded areas. The aim of this paper was to identify the main factors that determine distribution of the Monk parakeet in Barcelona, one of the cities in the world with the highest parakeet density. We defined our model based on eight preselected variables using a generalized linear model (GLZ) and evaluated the strength of support for each model using the AIC–based multi–model inference approach. We used parakeet density as a dependent variable, and an analysis restricted to occupied neighbourhoods provided a model with two key variables to explain the distribution of the species. Monk parakeets were more abundant in neighbourhoods with a high density of trees and a high percentage of people over 65 years. This is interpreted by the fact that parakeets use trees as food sources and support for the nests, and that older people often feed the species. Data support the ‘human–activity’ hypothesis to explain how invasive species can successfully establish in a non–native habitat, and stress how limiting food resources, especially food supplied by humans, may be the easiest way to exert some control on Monk parakeet populations.


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