A thermodynamic model of calculating mass action concentrations for structural units or ion couples in NaClO4-H2O and NaF-H2O binary solutions and NaClO4-NaF-H2O ternary solution

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 546-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-min Yang ◽  
Wei-jie Zhao ◽  
Han-jie Guo ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Jian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Ternary Solution ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Binary Solutions

Calculation Model of Mass Action Concentrations for CaO-MnO-FeO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 Slags Based on the Ion and Molecule Coexistence Theory

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 134-138
Author(s):  
Xiao Hong Yang ◽  
Xiao Chun Ma ◽  
Cheng Chuan Wu ◽  
Guo Guang Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagrams ◽  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Slag System ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Coexistence Theory ◽  
Slag Structure ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Good Agreement

According to the ion and molecule coexistence theory (IMCT) of slag structure and corresponding phase diagrams, a thermodynamic model for calculating mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples of CaO-MnO-FeO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 slags was established. Equilibrium mass action concentrations of each structure unit were gained. And the calculation results of NFeO and NMnO were compared with measured aFeO and aMnO. The comparison shows that the calculated values of NFeO and NMnO are in good agreement with the reported measured values of aFeO and aMnO, so this calculating model could fairly describe the characteristics of the slag system.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Aspects of Homeopathy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihael Drofenik
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Healthy Person ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Molecular Crowding ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The well-known definition of disease, which Samuel Hahnemann presented in a tentative theory for his new science and art of healing, is used as the starting point for the thermodynamic model of homeopathy. The Le Chatelier principle was applied to the biochemical equilibrium compartmentalized in the individual human cells of an ill person to explain the curing based on the re-establishment of the starting equilibrium of a healthy person when using a remedy. It is revealed that a high dilution accompanied by succession is required to release the remedies to their constituent molecular species in order to increase their activity when taking part in the biochemical equilibrium that is essential for healing. In addition, a single remedy reaction-product species, when it is in excess, as well as satisfying the kinetic equilibrium, is a necessary and sufficient condition to force the new biochemical equilibrium in the direction of the basic original equilibrium associated with a healthy state. In addition, homeopathic aggravation is considered on the basis of the Law of Mass Action and the role of the small remedy concentration in some high-profile models is revisited. The second elementary law of homeopathy, the Law of the Infinitesimals, was explained based on a kinetic model. When a remedy occurs in the human cell of a healthy person and forms a reaction product (Simillimum) that induces the finest medical symptoms of an ill person, then remedies entering the cell of the ill person will form identical Simillimum molecules and re-establish the initial equilibrium of the healthy state and cure the ill person. However, this will also induce a molecular crowding in the cells of the ill person. For kinetic reasons, this will aggravate the re-establishment of the initial equilibrium and consequently worsen or even interrupt the medical treatment. At a low remedy concentration, the molecular crowding becomes negligible while the formation of the Simillimum and the re-establishment of the initial equilibrium will take place continuously and cure the person who is ill. The final understanding of the Simillimum in the thermodynamic model was illuminated and wide-opened its duality with the ill person’s key compound.

A Thermodynamic Model for Evaluation of Mass Action Concentrations of La2O3-Al2O3-CaF2-CaO-MgO Slags for Electroslag Remelting Based on the Ion and Molecule Coexistence Theory

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 541-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengchuan Wu ◽  
Guoguang Cheng ◽  
Jun Tian
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagrams ◽  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Electroslag Remelting ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Coexistence Theory ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Mass Action Concentration ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractAccording to the ion and molecule coexistence theory (IMCT) for molten slags and corresponding phase diagrams, a thermodynamic model for the evaluation of mass action concentrations (designated by Ni for structure unit i) for La2O3-Al2O3, La2O3-Al2O3-CaF2, La2O3-Al2O3-CaF2-CaO, La2O3-Al2O3-CaF2-MgO and La2O3-Al2O3-CaF2-CaO-MgO slag systems for electroslag remelting (ESR) has been formulated. The influencing factors for the mass action concentration of La2O3, such as mass fraction of Al2O3, CaF2, CaO and MgO and temperature, were investigated. The results show that when the mole fraction of La2O3 is at 0.495, the mass action concentration of La2O3 · Al2O3 achieves its maximum value 0.946 in the La2O3-Al2O3 binary slag. In a composition area of La2O3: 10wt% ∼ 45wt%, Al2O3: 0wt% ∼ 50wt% and CaF2: 20wt% ∼ 70wt% of the La2O3-Al2O3-CaF2 ternary slag at 1873 K, the results show that the calculated values of NLa2O3 are in good agreement with the reported measured values of aLa2O3. The iso-curves of NLa2O3 is also drawn from the calculated results, which reveals that the mass action concentration of La2O3 decreases with the increasing of the Al2O3 and CaF2 content, and Al2O3 is stronger than CaF2 in decreasing the mass action concentration of La2O3. However, in La2O3-Al2O3-CaF2-CaO, La2O3-Al2O3-CaF2-MgO and La2O3-Al2O3-CaF2-CaO-MgO slag systems, the mass action concentration of La2O3 increases with the increasing of the MgO and CaO content, and CaO is stronger than MgO in increasing the mass action concentration of La2O3. In addition, the mass action concentration of La2O3 increases with the increasing temperature at the composition of 30wt%La2O3, 10wt%Al2O3, 40wt%CaF2, 10wt%MgO and 10wt%CaO.

A Thermodynamic Model for Evaluation of Mass Action Concentrations of Ce2O3-contained Slag Systems Based on the Ion and Molecule Coexistence Theory

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengchuan Wu ◽  
Guoguang Cheng ◽  
Hu Long ◽  
Xiaohong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagrams ◽  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Aluminum Content ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Coexistence Theory ◽  
Cerium Content ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Mass Action Concentration ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractAccording to the ion and molecule coexistence theory (IMCT) for molten slags and corresponding phase diagrams, a thermodynamic model for the evaluation of mass action concentrations (designated by Ni for structure unit i) for Ce2O3-Al2O3, CaO-Al2O3-Ce2O3 and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-Ce2O3 slag systems has been formulated. The results show that when the mole fraction of Ce2O3 is at 0.49 in the binary slag, the mass action concentration of Ce2O3·Al2O3 achieves its maximum value 0.90. In a composition area of CaO/Al2O3 (mass fraction ratio) from 0.7 to 1.5 and Ce2O3 content (mass fraction) from 0 to 45% of the ternary slag at 1773 K, the results show that trends of calculated NAl2O3 are in good agreement with reported measured trends of aAl2O3. The iso-curves of NCe2O3 and NCaO are also drawn from the calculated results. A thermodynamic model of the equilibrium between 55.83%CaO-23%Al2O3-11.17%SiO2-10%Ce2O3 quaternary slag and molten steel containing aluminum has been further discussed. Results indicate that certain content of Ce would be dissolved in steel, which increases with the increasing of temperature and aluminum content, and when the aluminum content is 0.02%, the corresponding cerium content is in the range of 1.87 to 13.30 ppm at 1873 K. In summary, using Ce2O3 to replace Al2O3 can effectively reduce NAl2O3, certain content of Ce can dissolved in steel.

Density estimation of ternary aqueous solutions

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1965-1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otakar Söhnel ◽  
Petr Novotný ◽  
Zdeněk Šolc
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Density Estimation ◽  
Ternary Solution ◽  
Binary Solutions ◽  
Ternary Solutions ◽  
Solution Accuracy

Relations are presented for estimating the density of ternary aqueous solution on the basis of known densities of binary solutions of both components of the ternary solution. Accuracy of the estimation is tested using both the diluted and concentrated ternary solutions at temperatures of 15 - 100 °C.

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