Authentic and Apparent Evidence Gettier Cases Across American and Indian Nationalities

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad Gonnerman ◽  
Banjit Singh ◽  
Grant Toomey
Keyword(s):  
Gettier Cases ◽  
Apparent Evidence

Stanford group shows apparent evidence for quarks

Physics Today ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Gloria B. Lubkin
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Evidence

A New Solution to the Gettier Cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 251-270
Author(s):  
Gi Hyun Kim ◽  
Doe Sik Kim
Keyword(s):  
Gettier Cases

scholarly journals Why Gettier Cases Are Still Misleading

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moti Mizrahi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gettier Cases

scholarly journals Patterns, noise, and Beliefs

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-51
Author(s):  
Lajos Ludovic Brons
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Gettier Cases ◽  
Frege’S Puzzle ◽  
Daniel Dennett ◽  
Belief Reports ◽  
Frege's Puzzle ◽  
Principle Of Charity

In “Real Patterns” Daniel Dennett developed an argument about the reality of beliefs on the basis of an analogy with patterns and noise. Here I develop Dennett’s analogy into an argument for descriptivism, the view that belief reports do no specify belief contents but merely describe what someone believes, and show that this view is also supported by empirical evidence. No description can do justice to the richness and specificity or “noisiness” of what someone believes, and the same belief can be described by different sentences or propositions (which is illustrated by Dennett’s analogy, some Gettier cases, and Frege’s puzzle), but in some contexts some of these competing descriptions are misleading or even false. Faithful (or truthful) description must be guided by a principle (or principles) related to the principle of charity: belief descriptions should not attribute irrationality to the believer or have other kinds of “deviant” implications.

scholarly journals The Global Study of Philanthropic Behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamala Wiepking
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Study ◽  
Apparent Evidence

Abstract While there is apparent evidence that individual philanthropic behavior and the motivations for this behavior are at least to some extent universal, there is also evidence that people across the world do not equally display this behavior. In this conceptual article, I explore how we can study philanthropic behaviors from a global perspective. I contend that the macro-level study of philanthropy is underdeveloped, because of three problems intrinsic to the study of global philanthropy: problems with geographical orientation, connotations and definitions. As a first step to overcome these problems, I suggest the use of the term generosity behavior over philanthropic behavior, as this term appears more inclusive of the multitude of definitions and connotations across cultures. I conclude by formulating a collaborative research agenda for a more inclusive study and understanding of global generosity behavior, focused on generating publicly accessible knowledge and informing policy.

scholarly journals Morphologic and Autoradiographic Observations of H3-Thymidine-Labeled Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes Cultured in Vivo

Blood ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1133-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN C. SCHOOLEY ◽  
IRWIN BERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Apparent Evidence

Abstract 1. The behavior of mouse and rat thoracic duct lymphocytes cultivated in diffusion chambers implanted into the peritoneal cavity of recipient mice and rats has been described. 2. The temporal pattern of labeling of cultured thoracic duct lymphocytes labeled with H3-thymidine has been described. From an analysis of this pattern and the changes in the mean grain count of the different classes of lymphocytes a maximum generation time for large and medium lymphocytes of 15 and 24 hours has been calculated. The results of these experiments favor an origin of small lymphocytes from the division of large and medium lymphocytes. 3. Some evidence for the transformation of thoracic duct lymph cells into monocytoid cells was found. In homologous cultures of labeled thoracic duct lymph cells and unlabeled bone marrow apparent evidence for transformation of labeled cells into plasma cells was found. The data suggest that neither the monocytoid cells nor the plasma cells arose necessarily from small lymphocytes. It was concluded that some unidentified cells, presumably the largest cells which are normally present in thoracic duct lymph, can be transformed into these other cell types when appropriately stimulated.

Sensitivity Principle in Epistemology

Philosophy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Melchior
Keyword(s):  
Modal Epistemology ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Robert Nozick ◽  
Gettier Cases ◽  
Epistemic Principle ◽  
Skeptical Hypothesis ◽  
Sensitivity Condition ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Skeptical Problem ◽  
Analysis Of Knowledge

Sensitivity is a modal epistemic principle. Modal knowledge accounts are externalist in nature and claim that the knowledge yielding connection between a true belief and the truthmaker must be spelled out in modal terms. The sensitivity condition was introduced by Robert Nozick. He suggests that if S knows that p, then S’s belief that p tracks truth. Nozick argues that this truth-tracking relation can be captured by subjunctive conditionals. As a first approximation, he provides the following modal analysis of knowledge: S knows that p iff (1) p is true; (2) S believes that p; (3) if p were false, S wouldn’t believe that p and (4) if p were true, S would believe that p. The dominant terminology in the literature, also adopted here, is to call condition (3) the sensitivity condition and condition (4) the adherence condition. The sensitivity condition is intuitively appealing since it states that a subject does not know that p if she would believe that p even if p were false. Nozick used the sensitivity condition to accomplish two major tasks. First, he provided a solution to the Gettier problem by arguing that in Gettier cases subjects do not know since the sensitivity condition is violated. Second, he presented a controversial solution to the skeptical problem according to which we have external world knowledge but do not know that the skeptical hypothesis is false. This solution is available because sensitivity is not closed under known entailment. Quickly, criticism of the sensitivity condition emerged. First, most epistemologists regarded the price of abandoning knowledge closure as a price too high to pay. Second, it was noted that sensitivity leads to the counterintuitive consequence of precluding us from inductive knowledge since induction typically yields insensitive beliefs. The most dominant reaction to these problems was to replace sensitivity by the modal principle of safety, nowadays the most popular modal principle. However, sensitivity is not only important as a starting point of modal epistemology. Because of its intuitive attractiveness, many authors aimed at refining the original sensitivity account in order to avoid well-known problems. This has led to a second wave of sensitivity accounts. As of today, various sensitivity-based theories are on the market, including accounts that avoid closure failure, probabilistic interpretations of sensitivity and adherence, and contextualist approaches. There is thus a vivid and ongoing debate about the sensitivity principle in epistemology.

scholarly journals Dust mite ingestion-associated, exercise-induced anaphylaxis: a case report and literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mongkhon Sompornrattanaphan ◽  
Yanisa Jitvanitchakul ◽  
Nat Malainual ◽  
Chamard Wongsa ◽  
Aree Jameekornrak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Trigger Factor ◽  
Dermatophagoides Farinae ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Rice Cake ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Dust Mite ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Apparent Evidence

Abstract Background Oral mite anaphylaxis (OMA) is a condition characterized by severe allergic reactions after ingesting food containing dust mite-contaminated flour. Physical exertion is recognized as a common trigger factor inducing anaphylaxis. The association of OMA with exercise-induced anaphylaxis has rarely been reported. Case presentation We report a 29-year-old Thai woman who had dust mite ingestion-associated, exercise-induced anaphylaxis who tolerated the same bag of contaminated flour without exercise. A sample of contaminated cooking flour was examined under a light microscope. Living mites, Dermatophagoides farinae, were detected by a medical entomologist based on the morphology. We performed skin test to both mite-contaminated and newly opened Gogi® cooking flour, common aeroallergens, food allergens, and all other ingredients in the fried coconut rice cake 5 weeks after the anaphylactic episode. Specific IgE tests, using ImmunoCAP were also performed. Conclusions Dust mite ingestion-associated, exercise-induced anaphylaxis may be misdiagnosed as wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis and should be suspected in patients with anaphylaxis linked to food intake and exercise, but who have no apparent evidence to the index food ingredients on allergy workup.

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