THE NOTHINGNESS OF THE GETTIER PROBLEM

This work, “The Nothingness” of the Gettier Problem is an attempt to deconstruct the popularly held view that a fourth condition may be necessary for the Traditional Account of Knowledge otherwise known as JTB. Plato, it was who championed the traditional account of knowledge as justified Belief in response to the agitation of the skeptics notably Georgias and Protagoras. This tripartite account held sway until Edmund Gettier Challenged the position with his article “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?” Since this challenge, scholars have tried to solve what has become known as the Gettier Problem by trying to fashion out a fourth condition to JTB. This work argues that the celebrated Gettier counter-examples in the challenge of the tripartite account is a "nothingness". The traditional account is rather fundamental in knowledge claim, hence any new vista in form of additional information on JTB should not invalidate it. The textual analysis was adopted as a method for this research.

Surrogate Mother Agreement and the Effect on Children's Status Born

That surrogate mother is one of the IVF techniques (fertilization in vitro), the seeds must come from the husband and wife pair and then put in the womb of another woman. After the child is born another woman is obliged to give the child to a married couple who ordered the agreed agreement. In this research, the author aims to find out how the validity of the agreement surrogate mother and what is the legal status of children born from agreements surrogate mother. Agreement is asomething that someone or some people commit themselves to someone or some people who tie themselves to others, and while Legitimate children are children born in or due to a legal marriage. The theory used (statue approach) by examining all regulatory laws. Results of research on the validity of the agreement surrogate mother, the agreement is invalid because it is based on the fourth condition in terms of the validity of an agreement Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata that is, due to "the existence of halal reasons" and as for the status of the child from the status of the child who was born that the child is the child of a surrogate who already conceived and gave birth to her.

Quantifying the Lemma Massa as a Proper-Name in the John and Massa Tales

English nouns have been described as having the ability to “switch easily between common-noun and proper-name uses.” Such changes or transformations are sometimes misanalysed by researchers and are often hard for ELL and L2 ESL researchers to detect. In this article, the author will analyze and tag the use of the Lemma MASTER (Massa/Maussa/Marsta/Marster/Master) as both a proper-name and as a common noun in the John and Massa tales from three corpora as well as provide a procedure for doing mixed method research to adjudicate differences in analysis offered by various scholars. The author will also discuss the need to add a fourth condition to Kripke's definition for proper names and why undertaking pragmatic and contextual analysis is warranted.

Aktualisasi Prinsip Continuous Improvement dalam Kepemimpinan Responsif Kepala PAUD Islam Terpadu al-Ikhlas Bumiayu Brebes

This descriptive qualitative research is intended to obtain a description of the actualization of the continuous improvement principle in responsive leadership, the head of the Islamic Integrated Islamic Education Institute of Al-Ikhlas, Bumiayu District, Brebes Regency. The data in this study were collected using interview, observation, and documentation techniques. The author uses the data source triangulation technique to obtain valid research data. Valid research data are then analyzed using inductive data analysis techniques. The results showed that the actualization of the principle of continuous improvement in responsive leadership of the head of the Islamic PAUD Integrated al-Ikhlas in the Bumiayu sub-district of Brebes district was carried out by implementing six steps. First, diagnose problems in the implementation of integrated PAUD programs. Second, formulate solutions to problems in the implementation of integrated PAUD programs. Third, develop an improvement plan to overcome problems in the implementation of integrated PAUD programs. Fourth, condition resources to overcome problems in the implementation of integrated PAUD programs. Fifth, implement an improvement plan to overcome problems in the implementation of integrated PAUD programs. Sixth, evaluate the results of improvements to overcome problems in the implementation of integrated PAUD programs.

Moral Judgment and Empathic/Deontological Guilt

Background People often make complicated decisions to help or to punish perfect strangers. Harming someone or breaking some moral imperative is usually linked to feeling guilt, and several researches suggested the existence of two different kinds of guilt: altruistic/empathic and deontological. Aim Our study aimed to investigate the decision-making processes in moral and nonmoral judgments and assess how specific situations in which the subject is close to the victim or flanked by an authority can influence his decisions. Methods We used three different moral conditions: Empathic Moral (the decision has made while physically close to the potential victims), Deontological Moral (the decision has made while flanked by an “authority”), and Standard Moral (without any influence); a fourth condition is represented by Nonmoral dilemmas (the subject must make a choice between two different things and this does not cause any harm or victims). Previously, a pilot study was carried out for validating the experimental stories to be used in the main study. Results We observed a higher number of utilitarian/positive responses when individuals had to respond to Empathic Moral condition, with respect to Deontological Moral and Nonmoral dilemmas. Moreover, looking at the time needed to read the dilemma, under empathic guilt condition, people tended to be slower in reading the dilemmas than in other conditions and this both in case of positive and negative responses. No significant differences in time needed to effectively respond emerged. Conclusions These findings suggested that be physically close to potential victims or be flanked by an “authority” differentially influence the decision-making processes in moral judgment, inducing slower decisions and more utilitarian answers, particularly in the scenario of physical proximity.

Rational Preference in Habitual Interactions

Article focused on human being as a rational creature. Therefore, every undertaken preference could be interpreted as a rational selection. The issue emerged will clarify whether every human action can be categorized as a rational act. This article aimed to clarify the conditions that could be considered as the fundamental for appraising a choice as a rational choice. The method utilized to explicate the subject was literature review. There are several conditions that were discussed in this article, they were the principle of rationality, preferences, interests, and beliefs. The research finds out that the fourth condition is the basis for a rational choice.

An Error About the Doctrine of Double Effect: A Response to Kaufman's Reply to Botros

In replying to my article ‘An Error about the Doctrine of Double Effect’, Kaufman claims that the permission given by the four-condition Doctrine for certain mixed actions is merely complementary to an absolute prohibition—which he claims is the DDE's primary function. I point out again that in many cases this makes an appeal to the DDE's fourth condition not merely redundant but incoherent. Furthermore, his claim that I am a utilitarian maximizer, frustrated by a doctrine prohibiting intentional harms, however great the net overall benefit, is based on a misrepresentation. I did not object to a candidate for justification under the DDE being rejected before reaching the fourth condition, only to its being accepted.

Independence of Contour and Biological-Motion Cues for Motion-Defined Animal Shapes

The effects of different kinds of cues on the perception of second-order motion-defined animal shapes were assessed. In the first experiment discrimination thresholds for motion-defined animals without biological motion (non-BioM) were compared with motion-defined animals with biological motion (BioM). The results show no significant difference between the two conditions, suggesting that BioM does not interact with simple contour motion. In order to isolate the relative strength and interaction between the motion cues a second experiment was conducted where four conditions were used. The first condition consisted of animal contours with non-BioM, the second condition consisted of animal contours with BioM, the third condition was composed of dots present at the joints of the animals with non-BioM, and the fourth condition was composed of dots with BioM. In all cases the animal shapes traveled across the screen for a given number of frames. As in the first experiment, the results of the second study show no interaction between cues. Furthermore, the data show that the thresholds are similar whether BioM or contour cues are presented. The only condition which is significantly different is the condition without either contour or BioM cues. It is concluded that the form representation generated from these cues in motion-defined animal shapes consists of separate mechanisms which appear equally efficient for discrimination and which do not interact with one another.