scholarly journals Applying mechanical philosophy to web science: The case of social machines

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Smart ◽  
Kieron O’Hara ◽  
Wendy Hall
Keyword(s):  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Online Systems ◽  
Mechanical Philosophy ◽  
Precise Meaning ◽  
The Social ◽  
Web Science ◽  
Social Machines ◽  
Internet Science ◽  
Mechanistic View ◽  
Social Machine

AbstractSocial machines are a prominent focus of attention for those who work in the field of Web and Internet science. Although a number of online systems have been described as social machines (examples include the likes of Facebook, Twitter, Wikipedia, Reddit, and Galaxy Zoo), there is, as yet, little consensus as to the precise meaning of the term “social machine.” This presents a problem for the scientific study of social machines, especially when it comes to the provision of a theoretical framework that directs, informs, and explicates the scientific and engineering activities of the social machine community. The present paper outlines an approach to understanding social machines that draws on recent work in the philosophy of science, especially work in so-called mechanical philosophy. This is what might be called a mechanistic view of social machines. According to this view, social machines are systems whose phenomena (i.e., events, states, and processes) are explained via an appeal to (online) socio-technical mechanisms. We show how this account is able to accommodate a number of existing attempts to define the social machine concept, thereby yielding an important opportunity for theoretical integration.

Metaphors of Conquest: Towards the Aesthetics of Dalit Feminism through Select Texts and Contexts

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Jaydeep Sarangi
Keyword(s):  
Indian Society ◽  
Social Oppression ◽  
Disadvantaged Populations ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dalit Women ◽  
Caste Politics ◽  
Class Distinction ◽  
Social Machine

One of the aims of writing dalit literature in India has been to reveal to the readers the injustice, oppression, helplessness and struggles of many of the disadvantaged populations under the social machine of stratification in India. Caste politics in India is unique and culture specific. Dalit feminism is unique in Indian context. The stratified Indian society beguiles the dalit women to the whirlpool of social oppression and exploitation. It is against any sort of class distinction. Conceiving the ideology of Dr B. R. Ambedkar: ‘Educate, agitate, organize’ dalit women write back.

scholarly journals Network science, web science, and internet science

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanassis Tiropanis ◽  
Wendy Hall ◽  
Jon Crowcroft ◽  
Noshir Contractor ◽  
Leandros Tassiulas
Keyword(s):  
Network Science ◽  
Web Science ◽  
Internet Science

Rethinking 'Regional Industrial Relations': Space, Place and the Social Relations of Work

1999 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradon Ellem ◽  
John Shields
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Local Modes ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Strategic Orientations ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Labour Regulation

The dismantling of centralised modes of labour regulation and the emergence of new spatial divisions of labour under 'globalisation' have produced renewed interest in 'regional industrial relations'. Yet much of the existing literature in this genre—and industrial relations scholarship in general—remains wedded to a positivist conception of space. The most promising avenues for reconceptualising the spatiality of capital-labour relations are to be found in the work of radical economic geographers. They recognise that space itself is a human construct and that capital and labour have differing mobilities and, therefore, different subjective and strategic orientations to space and to particular places. From these premises, they argue that local labour markets are the points of intersection between production and reproduction and the primary focus of attention of local modes of labour regulation. These insights, we suggest, provide the means to rethink what has been described as regional industrial relations and capital- labour relations more generally.

scholarly journals The evolution of the Web and implications for eResearch

2008 ◽  
Vol 367 (1890) ◽  
pp. 991-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Hall ◽  
David De Roure ◽  
Nigel Shadbolt
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Semantic Web ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
The Social ◽  
Web Science ◽  
Global Information Systems ◽  
The Web

The hypertext visionaries foresaw the potential of richly interlinked global information systems for advancing human knowledge. The Web provided the infrastructure to enable those ideas to become a reality, and it quickly became a platform for collaborative research and data sharing. As the Web has evolved, new ways of using it for eResearch have emerged, such as the social networking facilities enabled by Web 2.0 technologies. The next generation of the Web—the so-called Semantic Web—is now on the horizon, which will again enable new types of collaborative research to emerge. If we are to understand and anticipate these new modes of collaboration, we need a discipline that studies the Web as a whole. Web science is this discipline.

scholarly journals Care and Education. a Case Study: Understanding Professional Roles and Identities of Teachers Within A Welsh Pru

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-88
Author(s):  
Phil Smith ◽  
Mark Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Academic Needs ◽  
Professional Work ◽  
Complex Needs ◽  
Teachers Perceptions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Approach To Teaching

This paper considers the professional work of teachers within Pupil Referral Units (PRUs) in Wales. Traditionally neglected by both policy and research, PRUs have become a focus of attention due to debates around attainment and the 'off rolling' of pupils from traditional schooling. Drawing on data from an ethnographic study of one Welsh PRU, this paper illustrates how teachers working within PRUs see themselves as occupying a hybrid space between teacher and social worker within a social pedagogic approach to teaching. We illustrate how this approach is underpinned by a strong moral and ethical account of their professional work. From this we illustrate how policy scrutiny and Welsh educational reforms have resulted in changes to teachers' perceptions of their working role and identity. While this policy focus is welcomed we suggest that any accountability frameworks introduced to judge Welsh PRU success need to adopt a highly contextualised approach which recognises the complex needs and backgrounds of PRU pupils and does not reduce success to only measures of academic attainment. By recognising the hybrid nature of professional practice and developing metrics of success which capture the social as well as academic needs of pupils within the Welsh PRU setting, Welsh Government (WG) will reinforce the social pedagogic approach of Welsh PRU teachers.

scholarly journals Social Machines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Draude ◽  
Christian Gruhl ◽  
Gerrit Hornung ◽  
Jonathan Kropf ◽  
Jörn Lamla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Machines ◽  
Social Machine

ZusammenfassungSocial Machines sind ein Paradigma für die Gestaltung soziotechnischer Systeme, die unter Verwendung von Web- und Plattformlösungen das Potenzial digitaler Technologien mit der Eigenlogik sozialer Interaktion, Organisation und Strukturbildung auf neue Weise zusammenführen. Im Folgenden diskutieren wir das Paradigma der Social Machine aus den Perspektiven der Informatik, der Wirtschaftsinformatik, der Soziologie und des Rechts, um Orientierungspunkte für seine Gestaltung zu identifizieren. Der Begriff ist in der Literatur jedoch bisher nicht abschließend definiert sondern nur durch Beispiele illustriert.In diesem Artikel stellen wir zunächst die folgende Definition zur Diskussion: Social Machines sind soziotechnische Systeme, in denen die Prozesse sozialer Interaktion hybrid zwischen menschlichen und maschinellen Akteuren ablaufen und teilweise algorithmisiert sind. Im Anschluss beleuchten wir drei aktuelle, sich gegenseitig bedingende Entwicklungen von Social Machines: die immer stärkere Verschmelzung von Sozialität und Maschine, die Vermessung von Nutzeraktivitäten als Grundstoff gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalts und die zunehmende Algorithmisierung gesellschaftlicher Prozesse. Abschließend diskutieren wir, dass eine teilhabeorientierte, demokratischen Werten folgende Gestaltung von Social Machines die Perspektiven der Nutzungsakzeptanz, der gesellschaftlichen Akzeptabilität und der nachhaltigen Wirtschaftlichkeit adressieren und umsetzen muss.

Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Perspectives

2021 ◽  
pp. 182-202
Author(s):  
Melvin Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
Practice Experience ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Economic

Urban gun violence knowledge is evolving and promises to gain steam as it garners more attention. Interventions will necessitate a grounding in the social sciences and the urban practice experience, positioning professions to advance the knowledge base on how best to address gun violence at a neighborhood and social network level. This chapter provides a broad social-economic-political-cultural context for understanding the origins and broad reach of gun violence in the nation and its cities and touches on aspects rarely the focus of attention yet playing a prominent role in helping understand how urban gun violence emerges. Four viewpoints are covered in this chapter (social, political, economic, and cultural), allowing coverage of usual and unusual aspects of urban gun violence. These perspectives are not ranked in order of importance and must be present in any analysis of urban gun violence and search for solutions, more so when seeking a nuanced and localized approach. These perspectives interact in a highly dynamic manner; when one is particularly impacted, the others react accordingly. Gun violence permeates society, with few urban segments escaping its grasp.

An Integrated Approach (Social and Health) in the Elderly With Diabetes

2022 ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
Ana Quintela ◽  
Ana Veiga
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
The Social ◽  
Inclusive Logic

The research in question arises from the need to elaborate a work of reflection capable of contributing to one of the intervention responses with the focus of attention, integrated care in various areas of society (social and health), sensitivity to the older people, between health and the social sector, based on assertive interpersonal communication, clear and positive, which function in a holistic view of the older person, as a game of balance. This chapter aims to offer and promote some clues about the importance of the social sector's communion with the health sector in an integrated and inclusive logic for citizens. The model, Assertividade Clareza e Positivity, being an increase in health literacy, was the motto for the methodology of the chapter, in a perspective of communication facilitating the field of human relations. The results point to a better understanding and analysis of a strategy, focused on the integrated approach in the elderly with diabetes.

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