Turbojet and turbofan engines, rocket motors, road vehicles, aircraft, pumps, compressors, and turbines are examples of machines which require a knowledge of fluid mechanics for their design. The aim of this undergraduate-level textbook is to introduce the physical concepts and conservation laws which underlie the subject of fluid mechanics and show how they can be applied to practical engineering problems. The first ten chapters are concerned with fluid properties, dimensional analysis, the pressure variation in a fluid at rest (hydrostatics) and the associated forces on submerged surfaces, the relationship between pressure and velocity in the absence of viscosity, and fluid flow through straight pipes and bends. The examples used to illustrate the application of this introductory material include the calculation of rocket-motor thrust, jet-engine thrust, the reaction force required to restrain a pipe bend or junction, and the power generated by a hydraulic turbine. Compressible-gas flow is then dealt with, including flow through nozzles, normal and oblique shock waves, centred expansion fans, pipe flow with friction or wall heating, and flow through axial-flow turbomachinery blading. The fundamental Navier-Stokes equations are then derived from first principles, and examples given of their application to pipe and channel flows and to boundary layers. The final chapter is concerned with turbulent flow. Throughout the book the importance of dimensions and dimensional analysis is stressed. A historical perspective is provided by an appendix which gives brief biographical information about those engineers and scientists whose names are associated with key developments in fluid mechanics.
Modeling of Erosion Wear of Sand Water Slurry Flow through Pipe Bend
using CFD