Screening of sugar beet pre-breeding populations and breeding lines for resistance to Ditylenchus dipsaci penetration and reproduction

AbstractDitylenchus dipsaci is an economically important plant-parasitic nematode affecting European sugar beets. To date, no sugar beet cultivars carrying resistance against D. dipsaci are available to farmers. To find potentially resistant sugar beet lines restricting reproduction and penetration of D. dipsaci, three consecutive in vivo bioassays were carried out. The first experiment determined the penetration rate of D. dipsaci in 79 breeding lines and 14 pre-breeding populations. Based on these results, D. dipsaci penetration and reproduction resistance of eight genotypes was intensively investigated. It could be demonstrated that none of the genotypes showed resistance towards D. dipsaci. However, a high variation of the penetration rate by D. dipsaci was observed among the genotypes. The breeding line ‘DIT_119’ effectively reduced D. dipsaci penetration (34.4 ± 8.8 nematodes/plant at 22 days post-planting) compared to the susceptible control (109.0 ± 16.9) while ensuring a yield comparable to non-inoculated plants. However, the breeding line ‘DIT_119’ did not reduce D. dipsaci reproduction. The paternal line of the cultivar BERETTA KWS, demonstrating a high tolerance to D. dipsaci crown rot symptoms, did not reduce penetration and reproduction. Thus, no correlation can be established between reduced penetration rates, reproduction, and tolerance to D. dipsaci. This study provides an essential basis for the development of resistant sugar beet cultivars to D. dipsaci. The variations observed among genotypes now need to be confirmed with larger-scale screenings.

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Virulence and pathogenicity of four Ditylenchus dipsaci populations on sugar beet

European Journal of Plant Pathology ◽

10.1007/s10658-021-02304-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alan Storelli ◽

Sebastian Kiewnick ◽

Matthias Daub ◽

Anne-Katrin Mahlein ◽

Mario Schumann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Penetration Rate ◽

Field Resistance ◽

Reproduction Rate ◽

Sugar Beets ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Fresh Biomass ◽

Ditylenchus Dipsaci

AbstractThe stem nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, is a severe pest in European sugar beet production. In France, Germany, and Switzerland, D. dipsaci damage in sugar beet varies among specific geographic areas. In this study, the reproduction potential of four geographically distinct D. dipsaci populations was determined using sterile carrot disc cultures. In addition, virulence and pathogenicity were investigated in-vivo using sugar beet. No difference was found in the reproduction potential on carrot discs, as well as penetration rate in sugar beet seedlings. The reproduction rate in sugar beet tissue was significantly affected by the D. dipsaci population used. The population from Seeland (CH) showed the highest number of nematodes per plant at 60 dpi (21,071.8 ± 5340.0), compared to the three other populations contained 3588.6 ± 3858.3, 5136.9 ± 4950.8, and 3579.7 ± 5174.2, respectively. Furthermore, the reproduction rate of D. dipsaci was negatively correlated with fresh biomass of sugar beets at 60 dpi. Based on these results, the D. dipsaci population “Seeland” is suitable for breeding programs to detect resistance in sugar beet. After selecting candidate genotypes/varieties, these should be further evaluated for their field resistance in their targeted growing regions.

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Variability in Reaction to Root and Crown Rot Caused by Rhizoctonia Solani Among Table Beet Cultivars, Breeding Lines, and Plant Introductions in Controlled Environment Conditions

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci15011-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 1482-1494

Author(s):

Katharina S. Wigg ◽

Irwin L. Goldman

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Inbred Lines ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Plant Introductions ◽

Disease Characteristics ◽

Root And Crown Rot ◽

Infection Response

Table beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) is adversely affected by the soilborne fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, which greatly decreases root quality. There are no reports of breeding efforts designed to improve resistance to this fungus in table beet. A collection of table beet PIs, cultivars, and publicly available inbreds were characterized for their response to inoculation with R. solani in three replicated greenhouse experiments conducted between 2017 and 2019. An isolate of AG 2-2 IIIB was used to inoculate 8-week old plants, and both susceptible and resistant sugar beet genotypes were used for comparison. Plants were evaluated for internal and external disease characteristics 3 and 5 weeks postinoculation. Compared with uninoculated controls, PI accessions ranged from 2% to 44% infection, whereas cultivars and inbred lines ranged from 16% to 53% and 22% to 52%, respectively. No commercial cultivar outperformed the resistant sugar beet genotype; however, several PI accessions exhibited lower mean diseased tissue percentages than the resistant sugar beet. This suggests that resistance to R. solani may exist in table beet germplasm. PI accessions exhibited greater resistance on average than did cultivars. Inbred lines exhibited the least amount of variation. Ordinal regression allowed for prediction of infection response, which may be helpful in future selection efforts. ‘Badger Flame’, Ames 22164, PI 502294, PI 169015, ‘Long Season’, ‘Red Cloud’, and ‘Albina Vereduna’ were some of the most resistant accessions in our screens. The findings from this study can be used to inform decisions for breeding for host plant resistance in table beet.

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Development of an in vivo bioassay to identify sugar beet resistance to the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854106778877875 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 641-645 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Volker Kühnhold ◽

Sebastian Kiewnick ◽

Richard A. Sikora

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Tap Water ◽

Rapid Screening ◽

Gelling Agent ◽

Initial Inoculum ◽

High Penetration ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Soil Infestation ◽

Ditylenchus Dipsaci

Abstract A bioassay was developed to evaluate sugar beet for resistance to the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. To produce large numbers of D. dipsaci for inoculation of sugar beet seedlings, a protocol for a monoxenic carrot disk culture was established. Ditylenchus dipsaci multiplication was greatest with 125 000 nematodes per carrot disk after 72 days at 20°C with an initial inoculum density of 75 nematodes. Higher inoculum densities resulted in more rapid decay of carrot tissue and lower numbers of D. dipsaci. Inoculation of 200 D. dipsaci in leaf axils of sugar beet seedlings resulted in high penetration rates. The addition of 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a gelling agent resulted in a significantly increased penetration rate of 96% compared to tap water with 34%. Soil infestation was not suitable, with only 4 and 11% of the nematodes penetrating the sugar beet seedlings when inoculum was applied in water and CMC, respectively. The bioassay enables a rapid screening for resistance in sugar beet to D. dipsaci.

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Development of a new in vivo protocol through soil inoculation to investigate sugar beet resistance towards Ditylenchus dipsaci penetration

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-bja10069 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Alan Storelli ◽

Andreas Keiser ◽

Sebastian Kiewnick ◽

Matthias Daub ◽

Anne-Katrin Mahlein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Leaf Axil ◽

Inoculum Level ◽

Soil Inoculation ◽

High Soil Moisture ◽

Plant Emergence ◽

Ditylenchus Dipsaci ◽

Nematode Penetration ◽

Selection Of

Summary The stem nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, causes severe damage in sugar beet. To date, nematode inoculation through the leaf axil has been used as the standard method to investigate D. dipsaci interaction with sugar beet under in vivo conditions. To get as close as possible to field conditions, we established a new screening mechanism to perform soil inoculation. The most suitable inoculation time point, inoculum level and positioning on sugar beet, as well as rearing process on carrots, were determined. At a 15:8°C day:night temperature regime, penetration rates of D. dipsaci were at maximum following soil inoculation at plant emergence. Up to 115 nematodes penetrated sugar beet seedlings 22 days post-planting with an inoculum level of 1000 nematodes into the soil at plant emergence. Ditylenchus dipsaci penetration rate was higher in plants with soil inoculation than with inoculation on to the leaf axil. High soil moisture increased nematode migration into seedlings when D. dipsaci inoculation was carried out in four holes 1 cm from the plant base. Rearing the nematodes for 35 days at 20°C on carrot discs resulted in an infective inoculum containing up to 50% eggs. We recommend a soil inoculation of 1000 freshly extracted nematodes per pot at plant emergence. The nematode suspension has to be previously reared for 35 days on carrot discs to obtain active D. dipsaci inoculum. This system will allow for the selection of suitable sugar beet genotypes that suppress nematode penetration, in support of breeding for resistance against D. dipsaci.

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Evaluation of sugar beet breeding populations based morpho-physiological characters under salinity stress

Pakistan Journal of Botany ◽

10.30848/pjb2019-1(7) ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mehdi Taghizadegan ◽

Mahmoud Toorchi ◽

Mohammad Moghadam Vahed ◽

Samar Khayamim

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Breeding Populations ◽

Physiological Characters

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Biological control of strawberry crown rot, root rot and grey mould by the beneficial fungus Aureobasidium pullulans

BioControl ◽

10.1007/s10526-021-10083-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mudassir Iqbal ◽

Maha Jamshaid ◽

Muhammad Awais Zahid ◽

Erik Andreasson ◽

Ramesh R. Vetukuri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Rot ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Aureobasidium Pullulans ◽

Grey Mould ◽

Lesion Size ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Whole Plants

AbstractUtilization of biocontrol agents is a sustainable approach to reduce plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. In the present study, we tested the effect of the candidate biocontrol fungus Aureobasidium pullulans (De Bary) G. Armaud on strawberry under in vitro and in vivo conditions to control crown rot, root rot and grey mould caused by Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert and Cohn) and Botrytis cinerea Pers, respectively. A dual plate confrontation assay showed that mycelial growth of P. cactorum and B. cinerea was reduced by 33–48% when challenged by A. pullulans as compared with control treatments. Likewise, detached leaf and fruit assays showed that A. pullulans significantly reduced necrotic lesion size on leaves and disease severity on fruits caused by P. cactorum and B. cinerea. In addition, greenhouse experiments with whole plants revealed enhanced biocontrol efficacy against root rot and grey mould when treated with A. pullulans either in combination with the pathogen or pre-treated with A. pullulans followed by inoculation of the pathogens. Our results demonstrate that A. pullulans is an effective biocontrol agent to control strawberry diseases caused by fungal pathogens and can be an effective alternative to chemical-based fungicides.

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In vivo anticoccidial effects of Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) in broiler chickens

Microbial Pathogenesis ◽

10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.052 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 139-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Asghar Abbas ◽

Zafar Iqbal ◽

Rao Zahid Abbas ◽

Muhammad Kasib Khan ◽

Junaid Ali Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Broiler Chickens

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Characterization of the Metamitron Deaminating Enzyme Activity from Sugar Beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) Leaves

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1979-1113 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 34 (11) ◽

pp. 948-950 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Carl Fedtke ◽

Robert R. Schmidt

Keyword(s):

Cytochrome C ◽

Sugar Beet ◽

Electron Donor ◽

Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽

Enzyme Preparations ◽

Reducing Conditions ◽

Trade Name ◽

Membrane Bound

Abstract The enzymatic activity from sugar beet leaves which is responsible for the detoxification of the herbicide metamitron (4-amino-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-6-phenyl-1, 2, 4-triazin-5-one, trade name Goltix®) has been characterized in vitro. The detoxification occurs by rapid deamination in vivo as well as in vitro. However, the deamination in vitro is only maximal under reducing conditions, i. e. with an electron donor and in a nitrogen atmosphere. The electron donor may be cystein, glutathione, dithionite or ascorbate. The enzymatic deamination further requires the addition of cytochrome c and a “supernatant factor”, which may be replaced by FMN, FAD or DCPIP. However, in the presence of FMN or DCPIP cytochrome c is not essential but only stimulatory. The particulate as well as the soluble metamitron deaminating enzyme preparations obtained take up oxygen when supplied with cysteine and FMN. The particulate enzyme appears in the peroxysome-fraction. It is therefore suggested, that the enzymatic deamination of metamitron in sugar beet leaves is mediated by a proxisomal membrane bound electron transport system which alternatively may reduce oxygen or metamitron (deaminating).

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