Neuroinflammation is found both in the brain of humans suffering from Parkinson's disease and in animal models of disease. It is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the present study, in order to study the effects of antioxidants on neuroinflammation, microglial phenotypes were evaluated in rats fed with diets containing bilberries, blueberries, or crowberries at 1 and 4 weeks following striatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. The dopamine innervation was visualized using antibodies raised against tyrosine hydroxlase (TH) in the striatum and in the globus pallidus. One week post-lesion, the expression of Iba1-positive cells, a general microglial marker, was significantly increased in the striatum of all animals fed with antioxidant-enriched diets compared to control-diet fed animals, while the diameter of the TH-negative zone was similar in all animals. At four weeks post-lesion, the Iba1-positive microglia was significantly reduced in animals fed with antioxidant-enriched diets. The diameter of the TH-negative zone was significantly reduced in animals fed bilberry and crowberry. The expression and distribution of ED1-positive cells was similar to that of Iba1-positive cells found in the lesioned areas. A cell division marker Ki67 revealed that few microglia were proliferating in crowberry-treated animals. Otherwise dividing cells were associated with blood capillary cells. Although the antioxidant level should be equal in the entire brain, no regeneration was found in globus pallidus, suggesting the mechanism promoting regeneration in the striatum is not effective in the globus pallidus. In conclusion, diets rich in bilberries and crowberries and with high contents of antioxidants stimulate an early phase of accumulation of reactive migroglia that fades at longer time points i.e. promotes regeneration of the striatal dopamine system.
Probing the striatal dopamine system for a putative neuroprotective effect of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease
