Hormonal determinants of sex differences in saccharin preference, food intake and body weight

1969 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Saccharin Preference

Sex Differences in Severity of Inflammation-Induced Anorexia and Weight Loss

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry A. Lennie
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Sesame Oil ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Weight Changes

Food intake and body weight changes in response to induction of acute inflammation were examined in intact cycling females, ovariectomized females, and sham-operated male rats. In intact females, body weight and feeding responses were compared between rats in which inflammation was induced on day of estrus with rats in which inflammation was induced on day of diestrus. Anorexia and weight loss were more severe in the female rats with inflammation induced on estrus day, which coincides with peak serum estrogen levels. In ovariectomized females, inflammation was induced the day after rats received injections of estrogen, progesterone, or sesame oil (vehicle). Males received vehicle injections. Among female rats, the group that received estradiol injections the previous day displayed the most severe anorexia. The least severe anorexia was observed in female rats that received progesterone the previous day. Food intake of female rats that received vehicle injections prior to induction of inflammation was greater than the rats receiving estrogen but less than the rats receiving progesterone. Male rats displayed the most severe anorexia and greatest weight loss. These data suggest that, although females exposed to estradiol prior to induction of acute inflammation display more severe anorexia than those exposed to progesterone, it may be that progesterone attenuates severity of anorexia rather than estrogen solely potentiating severity. Male rats, however, appear to experience the most severe anorexia in response to this form of inflammation.

scholarly journals Submitted as a Research Report to Biology of Sex Differences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Grimm ◽  
Katherine North ◽  
Madeleine Hopkins ◽  
Kyle Jiganti ◽  
Alex McCoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
D1 Receptor ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Saccharin Preference ◽  
Schedules Of Reinforcement ◽  
Clinical Model

Abstract Background: There are sex differences in addiction behaviors. To develop a pre-clinical animal model to investigate this, the present study examined sex differences in sucrose taking and seeking using LongEvans rats. Methods: Five experiments were conducted using separate groups of subjects. The first two examined sucrose or saccharin preference in two-bottle home cage choice tests. Experiment three assessed sucrose intake in a binge model with sucrose available in home cage bottles. Experiments four and five utilized operant-based procedures. In Experiment four rats responded for sucrose on fixed and progressive ratio (FR, PR) schedules of reinforcement over a range of concentrations of sucrose. A final component of experiment four was measuring seeking in the absence of sucrose challenged with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390. Experiment five assessed responding for water on FR and PR schedules of reinforcement. Results: When accounting for body weight, female rats consumed more sucrose than water; but there was no sex difference in saccharin preference over a range of saccharin concentrations. When accounting for body weight, females consumed more sucrose than males in the binge model, and only females increased binge intake over the 14 days of the study. Females responded at higher rates for sucrose under both FR and PR schedules of reinforcement. Females responded at higher rates in extinction (seeking); SCH23390 reduced sucrose seeking of both females and males. Females responded at higher rates for water on FR and PR schedules than males, although rates of responding were low and decreased over sessions. Conclusions: Across bottle-choice, binge intake, and operant procedures, female Long-Evans rats consumed more sucrose and responded at higher rates for sucrose. Although females also responded more for water, the vigor of responding did not explain the consistent sex difference in sucrose taking and seeking. The sex difference in sucrose taking was also not explained by sweet preference, as there was no sex difference in saccharin preference. These data corroborate with findings of sex differences in addiction behaviors in humans, providing a pre-clinical model to further evaluate sex differences in these behaviors and manipulations designed to reduce them.

scholarly journals Sex differences in sucrose reinforcement in Long-Evans rats

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Grimm ◽  
Katherine North ◽  
Madeleine Hopkins ◽  
Kyle Jiganti ◽  
Alex McCoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
D1 Receptor ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Saccharin Preference ◽  
Schedules Of Reinforcement ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Long Evans

Abstract Background There are sex differences in addiction behaviors. To develop a pre-clinical animal model to investigate this, the present study examined sex differences in sucrose taking and seeking using Long-Evans rats. Methods Five experiments were conducted using separate groups of subjects. The first two examined sucrose or saccharin preference in two-bottle home cage choice tests. Experiment three assessed sucrose intake in a binge model with sucrose available in home cage bottles. Experiments four and five utilized operant-based procedures. In experiment four rats responded for sucrose on fixed and progressive ratio (FR, PR) schedules of reinforcement over a range of concentrations of sucrose. A final component of experiment four was measuring seeking in the absence of sucrose challenged with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390. Experiment five assessed responding for water on FR and PR schedules of reinforcement. Results When accounting for body weight, female rats consumed more sucrose than water; but there was no sex difference in saccharin preference over a range of saccharin concentrations. When accounting for body weight, females consumed more sucrose than males in the binge model, and only females increased binge intake over 14 days of the study. Females responded at higher rates for sucrose under both FR and PR schedules of reinforcement. Females responded at higher rates in extinction (seeking); SCH23390 reduced sucrose seeking of both females and males. Females responded at higher rates for water on FR and PR schedules than males, although rates of responding were low and decreased over sessions. Conclusions Across bottle-choice, binge intake, and operant procedures, female Long-Evans rats consumed more sucrose and responded at higher rates for sucrose. Although females also responded more for water, the vigor of responding did not explain the consistent sex difference in sucrose taking and seeking. The sex difference in sucrose taking was also not explained by sweet preference, as there was no sex difference in saccharin preference. These data provide a pre-clinical model to further evaluate sex differences in addiction behaviors and manipulations designed to reduce them.

scholarly journals Neural Growth Hormone Implicated in Body Weight Sex Differences

Endocrinology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (10) ◽  
pp. 3826-3835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Bonthuis ◽  
Emilie F. Rissman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Neural Growth

As for many human diseases, the incidence of obesity and its associated health risks are sexually dimorphic: worldwide the rate of obesity is higher in women. Sex differences in metabolism, appetite, body composition, and fat deposition are contributing biological factors. Gonadal hormones regulate the development of many sexually dimorphic traits in humans and animals, and, in addition, studies in mice indicate a role for direct genetic effects of sex chromosome dosage on body weight, deposition of fat, and circadian timing of feeding behavior. Specifically, mice of either sex with 2 X chromosomes, typical of normal females, have heavier body weights, gain more weight, and eat more food during the light portion of the day than mice of either sex with a single X chromosome. Here we test the effects of X chromosome dosage on body weight and report that gonadal females with 2 X chromosomes express higher levels of GH gene (Gh) mRNA in the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus than females with 1 X chromosome and males. Furthermore, Gh expression in the POA of the hypothalamus of mice with 2 X chromosomes correlated with body weight; GH is known to have orexigenic properties. Acute infusion of GH into the POA increased immediate food intake in normal (XY) males. We propose that X inactivation–escaping genes modulate Gh expression and food intake, and this is part of the mechanism by which individuals with 2 X chromosomes are heavier than individuals with a single X chromosome.

scholarly journals VTA MC3R neurons control feeding in an activity and sex-dependent manner in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna I. Dunigan ◽  
David P. Olson ◽  
Aaron G. Roseberry
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Tyrosine Hydroxylase ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice

AbstractIncreasing evidence indicates that the melanocortin and mesolimbic dopamine systems interact to regulate feeding and body weight. Because melanocortin-3 receptors (MC3R) are highly expressed in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), we tested whether VTA neurons expressing these receptors (VTA MC3R neurons) control feeding and body weight in vivo. We also tested whether there were sex differences in the ability of VTA MC3R neurons to control feeding, as MC3R −/− mice show sex-dependent alterations in reward feeding and dopamine levels, and there are clear sex differences in multiple dopamine-dependent behaviors and disorders. DREADD receptors were used to acutely activate and inhibit VTA MC3R neurons and changes in food intake and body weight were measured. Acutely altering the activity of VTA MC3R neurons decreased feeding in an activity- and sex-dependent manner, with acute activation decreasing feeding, but only in females, and acute inhibition decreasing feeding, but only in males. These differences did not appear to be due to sex differences in the number of VTA MC3R neurons, the ability of hM3Dq to activate VTA MC3R neurons, or the proportion of VTA MC3R neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). These studies demonstrate an important role for VTA MC3R neurons in the control of feeding and reveal important sex differences in behavior, whereby opposing changes in neuronal activity in male and female mice cause similar changes in behavior.

Effects of Cyproterone Acetate on Body Weight and Food Intake

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Beatty ◽  
Thomas R. Vilberg ◽  
Paul B. Revland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Cyproterone Acetate
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