Active faulting, recent deformation and displacement of earth surface of large sedimentary basins of the earth's crust

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
A.T. Donabedov ◽  
V.A. Sidorov ◽  
A.S. Grigoriev ◽  
A.V. Michailova ◽  
Z.E. Shachmuradova
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Earth Surface ◽  
Active Faulting ◽  
Earth's Crust

scholarly journals Accelerated non-linear destruction of the earth's crust

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-290
Author(s):  
E. V. Artyushkov
Keyword(s):  
Lower Crust ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Crustal Rocks ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lithospheric Plates ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Major Hydrocarbon

The upper part of the Earth—the lithospheric layer,∼100 km thick, is rigid. Segments of this spherical shell–lithospheric plates are drifting over a ductile asthenosphere. On the continents, the lithosphere includes the Earth's crust,∼40 km thick, which is underlain by peridotitic rocks of the mantle. In most areas, at depths∼20–40 km the continental crust is composed of basalts with density∼2900kg m−3. At temperature and pressure typical for this depth, basalts are metastable and should transform into another assemblage of minerals which corresponds to garnet granulites and eclogites with higher densities 3300–3600 kgm−3. The rate of this transformation is extremely low in dry rocks, and the associated contraction of basalts evolves during the time≥108a. To restore the Archimede's equilibrium, the crust subsides with a formation of sedimentary basins, up to 10–15 km deep.Volumes of hot mantle with a water-containing fluid emerge sometimes from a deep mantle to the base of the lithosphere. Fluids infiltrate into the crust through the mantle part of the lithosphere. They catalyze the reaction in the lower crust which results in rock contraction with a formation of deep water basins at the surface during∼106a. The major hydrocarbon basins of the world were formed in this way. Infiltration of fluids strongly reduces the viscosity of the lithosphere, which is evidenced by narrow-wavelength deformations of this layer. At times of softening of the mantle part of the lithosphere, it becomes convectively replaced by a hotter and lighter asthenosphere. This process has resulted in the formation of many mountain ranges and high plateaus during the last several millions of years. Softening of the whole lithospheric layer which is rigid under normal conditions allows its strong compressive and tensile deformations. At the epochs of compression, a large portion of dense eclogites that were formed from basalts in the lower crust sink deeply into the mantle. In some cases they carry down lighter blocks of granites and sedimentary rocks of the upper crust which delaminate from eclogitic blocks and emerge back to the crust. Such blocks of upper crustal rocks include diamonds and other minerals which were formed at a depth of 100–150 km.

scholarly journals Accordance of William Morris Davis Theory with the Landscapes of the Earth Surface

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 832-838
Author(s):  
Gulistan Khairandish ◽  
Shirkhan Anwari
Keyword(s):  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
General View ◽  
Earth Surface ◽  
William Morris ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Natural Surface ◽  
Natural Landscapes ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
External Forces

The natural surface views of the earth's surface are actually like the broken mosaics that formed the earth's crust. The surface of the earth is composed of different views, which is has been existed due to different internal and external forces of the earth's crust, such as destructive operations of the earth's surface, terrestrial operations, orogenic operations, folds, protrusions and number of processes that cause changes in the Earth's crust. The complexities of natural landscapes are greater than the simple buildings and flatness of the surface those collectively introduce the features of the surface. Landscapes are usually better explained by understanding the factors that cause them, because each of the terrestrial landscapes are remnants of various geomorphological factors that cannot be easily identified and need further investigation. William Morris Davis is an American geomorphologist who was the first to offer a general view of the Earth's appearance.

Methodological and technological aspects of exeption of the gravitational effect of the lower part of the earth's crust in study of sedimentary cover of oil and gas-bearing areas

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
V.A. Spiridonov ◽  
◽  
N.N. Pimanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sedimentary Cover ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Gravitational Effect ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Density Model ◽  
Crust And Upper Mantle ◽  
Earth's Crust

In the case of seismic density modeling of sedimentary basins, it is necessary to exclude from the observed gravitational field the effect created by inhomogeneities of the lower part of the crustal section. The article offers one of the approaches to the geological field reduction, implemented through the construction of a 3D density model for the entire thickness of the earth's crust and upper mantle. A fragment within the study area is selected from the constructed 3D model and its gravitational effect is calculated. Various options for implementing this approach are considered, depending on the amount of a priori information. The technological base of the method is GIS INTEGRO. Keywords: Gravitational field, geologic reduction, density model, GSS profiles, inversion, structural framework of the model.

scholarly journals On Global Solvability of a Problem of a Viscous Liquid Motion in a Deformable Viscous Porous Medium

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
M.A. Tokareva
Keyword(s):  
Porous Medium ◽  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Global Solvability ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Earth's Crust

The initial-boundary value problem for the system of one-dimensional motion of viscous liquid in a deformable viscous porous medium is considered. The introduction presents the relevance of a theoretical study of this problem, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance, methodology and research methods, a review of publications on this topic. The first paragraph shows the conclusion of the model and the statement of the problem. In paragraph 2, we consider the case of motion of a viscous compressible fluid in a poroelastic medium and prove the local theorem on the existence and uniqueness of the problem. In the case of an incompressible fluid, the global solvability theorem is proved in the Holder classes in paragraph 3. In paragraph 4, an algorithm for the numerical solution of the problem is given. Mathematical models of fluid filtration in a porous medium apply to a broad range of practical problems. The examples include but are not limited to filtration near river dams, irrigation, and drainage of agricultural fields, oil and gas production, in particular, the dynamics of hydraulic fractures, problems of degassing coal and shale deposits in order to extract methane; magma movement in the earth's crust, geotectonics in the study of subsidence of the earth's crust, processes occurring in sedimentary basins, etc. A feature of the model of fluid filtration in a porous medium considered in this paper is the inclusion of the mobility of the solid skeleton and its poroelastic properties.

scholarly journals Stress-strain state of the earth’s crust of the Central Asian mountain belt: distant effect of the tectonic impact of the Indo-Eurasian collision

2021 ◽  
Vol 929 (1) ◽  
pp. 012003
Author(s):  
M M Buslov
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Sayan Region ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Cenozoic Sediments

Abstract In recent decades, extensive geological, geophysical and geochronological data have been obtained that characterize in detail the results of the distant tectonic impact of the Indo-Eurasian collision on the lithosphere of Central Asia, which led to the formation of the mountain systems of the Pamirs, Tien Shan, Altai-Sayan region and Transbaikalia from the Late Paleogene (about 25 million years ago). It has been established that the formation of the structure of Central Asia occurred as a result of the transmission of deformations from the Indo-Eurasian collision over long distances according to the “domino principle” through the rigid structures of Precambrian microcontinents located among the Paleozoic-Mesozoic folded belts. The study of peneplain surfaces deformed into simple folds on high-mountain plateaus surrounded by rugged mountain ranges made it possible to reveal the parameters of the deformations of the earth’s crust, the interrelationship of the formation of relief and sedimentary basins. Apatite track dating data, structural and stratigraphic analyses of Late Cenozoic sediments in the basins prove a period of intense tectonic activation the entire lithosphere of Central Asia from the Indian continent to the Siberian platform starting from the Pliocene (about 3.5 million years). As a result of reactivation of the heterogeneous basement of Central Asia, high seismicity was manifested, which is concentrated mainly along the border of the microcontinents (Central Tianshan, Junggar and Tuva-Mongolian) and the Siberian craton, as well as in the zones of articulation of regional faults.

scholarly journals RESIDUAL GRAVITY ANOMALY OF BRAZILIAN MARAJÓ BASIN USING CRUSTAL MODELING: IDENTIFYING STRUCTURAL AND TECTONIC FEATURES

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto Carneiro dos Santos Junior ◽  
Cristiano Mendel Martins ◽  
Nelson Ribeiro-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Anomaly ◽  
Gravity Data ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Residual Gravity ◽  
North Brazil ◽  
Residual Gravity Anomaly ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Tectonic Features

ABSTRACT. Dealing with gravity data at complex geological environments is a hard task because regional and residual anomalies are unknown. Due to the fact former techniques do not apply geologic information for separating gravity data, interpretation could lead to common mistakes. In order to allow a better interpretation at sedimentary basins, we applied a different approach for separating regional and residual anomalies for gravity data: the crustal modeling procedure. This approach consists on discretizing the Earth’s crust in prismatic cells and calculating the predicted signal due to Earth’s crust. We set horizontal dimensions of each prism, while the top and bottom are defined by Earth’s topography and depth of crust-mantle boundary, usually called Moho. Additionally, when the predicted signal is calculated, the residual anomaly is obtained from simple subtraction. We applied our methodology at Marajó basin (North, Brazil), where previous geological studies identified a system of faults and grabens, also known as Marajó graben system. Moreover, our results are well compared with previous interpretation through the seismic method, exemplifying the approach’s quality and efficiency. We believe, therefore, that the crustal modeling approach should be considered for studying any Brazilian sedimentary basin and other interesting areas.Keywords: crustal modeling; residual gravity anomaly; Marajó basin; Marajó graben system. RESUMO. Interpretar dados gravimétricos em ambientes geológicos de grande complexidade é uma tarefa difícil de ser realizada, visto que anomalias regionais e residuais são desconhecidas. Devido ao fato de que conhecidas técnicas de separação regional-residual não consideram informações geológicas, a interpretação final pode fornecer resultados equivocados. A fim de permitir uma melhor interpretação nas bacias sedimentares, aplicamos uma diferente abordagem para separação regional-residual: a modelagem crustal. Esta abordagem consiste em discretizar a crosta terrestre em células prismáticas e calcular o sinal regional predito. Definimos as dimensões horizontais de cada prisma, enquanto o topo e a base são definidos pela topografia e profundidade da interface crosta-manto, respectivamente. Após o cálculo do sinal predito, a anomalia residual é calculada via subtração. Aplicamos nossa metodologia na bacia do Marajó (região Norte, Brasil), onde estudos geológicos identificaram um sistema de falhas e grábens, definido por sistema de gráben do Marajó. Nossos resultados apresentam boa correspondência quando comparados com interpretações realizadas via método sísmico, o que exemplifica a qualidade e eficiência da nossa proposta. Acreditamos, portanto, que esta abordagem de modelagem crustal deve ser considerada para o estudo de qualquer bacia sedimentar brasileira e de outras regiões de interesse.Palavras-chave: modelagem crustal; anomalia gravimétrica residual; bacia do Marajó; sistema de gráben do Marajó.  

Fluid Geodynamics of Deeply Buried Zones of Oil and Gas Accumulation in Sedimentary Basins

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (08) ◽  
pp. 878-886
Author(s):  
L.A. Abukova ◽  
Yu.A Volozh
Keyword(s):  
Water Exchange ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Hydrodynamic Instability ◽  
Sedimentary Cover ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Void Space ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Gas Accumulation ◽  
Earth's Crust

Abstract —We substantiate certain ideas concerning the key role of fluid-geodynamic processes in the evolvement of hydrocarbon accumulations at great depths, in the Earth’s crust. The presented geodynamic model of oil and gas accumulation is based on updated ideas of the structure of the Earth’s tectosphere, which includes plate, preplate, and folded complexes, and the model makes clearer the spatial scale of the organic matter transformation into hydrocarbons of the oil series. In the bottom layers of the Earth’s crust, we predict the existence of a special stagnation type of water-drive systems with the following distinguishing features: (a) different scales of manifestation, from local to regional; (b) a limited nature of processes of water exchange with the external environment; (c) absence of persistent drainage horizons (beds and interbeds); (d) alignment of hydrodynamic potentials in terms of depths and laterals; and (e) increasing importance of lithohydrochemical and organic-chemistry factors in the development of the void space of the fluid host medium. In their inner space, systems with difficult water exchange can exercise control over the evolvement and preservation of autoclave hydrocarbon systems for a long time, the key feature of the autoclave systems being spatial coincidence (localization) of the processes of oil and gas generation and accumulation. We assume that, in the settings of all-round compression, hydrodynamic instability, and no drainage, occurrence of productive zones is controlled by foci of low pore (reservoir) pressures rather than by local hypsometric highs. We present results of prediction of the development of water-drive stagnation systems occurring in the subsalt deposits of the Caspian depression within the unpenetrated areas of the subsalt profile. For the sedimentary cover at large (and ultralarge) depths, a prediction of reservoir pressures was made, which can be regarded as a necessary component in any prediction of oil and gas potential, since it makes it possible to contour some new (previously unknown) industrially significant zones of hydrocarbon accumulation.

scholarly journals ORE, OIL-AND-GAS REGIONS OF THE SOUTH OKHOTSK SEA PROVINCE AND DEEP GEODYNAMICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
V.G. Khomich ◽  
◽  
N.G. Boriskina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Okhotsk Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Earth's Crust

In the South Okhotsk Sea province – on the islands of Sakhalin, Kunashir, Iturup, Urup and surrounding sea areas – many occurrences of rare, noble metal and other mineralizations as well as of oil-and-gas fields, gas hydrate accumulations, and isolated areas of active emission of water-hydrocarbon gases are known. Occurrences and deposits of solid, liquid and gaseous mineral resources are controlled by hidden deep fault transform zones: Nosappu (Tuscarora), Iturup, and Urup. These long-lived extended (more than 1000 km) zones are distinguished at the N-W Pacific megaplate margin near the S-E flank of the Kuril-Kamchatka trogue. Using the seismotomographic methods we have established their extension to the west from the seismic focal zone in the oceanic slab that subducted into the transition zone of the mantle. In the areas of strike-slip extension the faults accounted for the active formation of the drainage channels for the penetration of the sea water in the lithosphere with the following serpentinization of its ultramafites, and for decompressional generation of ascending mantle-derived abiogenic fluid flows. The latter penetrated from the underslab asthenosphere in the oversubduction mantle wedge and beneath the lithospheric mantle, where they accounted for the development of the processes of metasomatism. The subsequent migration of flows initiated the creation of primary magma reservoirs in the lower parts of the continental lithosphere, and intermediate and peripheral chambers in the Earth’s crust. The injection of melts from the chambers in the consolidated Earth's crust led to the formation of abyssal, hypabyssal intrusive massifs, arch-dome uplifts and magmatogenic-ore (ore-magmatic) systems predominantly among the rocks of the pre-Pliocene basement. The concentration of oil and gas accumulations mainly from the mantle-derived abiogenic hydrocarbons containing mercury, gold, rhenium, and PGE in the Cenozoic sedimentary basins amidst the reservoirs under the impermeable beds also resulted from deep under- and overslab fluid flows.

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