scholarly journals Accordance of William Morris Davis Theory with the Landscapes of the Earth Surface

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 832-838
Author(s):  
Gulistan Khairandish ◽  
Shirkhan Anwari
Keyword(s):  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
General View ◽  
Earth Surface ◽  
William Morris ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Natural Surface ◽  
Natural Landscapes ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
External Forces

The natural surface views of the earth's surface are actually like the broken mosaics that formed the earth's crust. The surface of the earth is composed of different views, which is has been existed due to different internal and external forces of the earth's crust, such as destructive operations of the earth's surface, terrestrial operations, orogenic operations, folds, protrusions and number of processes that cause changes in the Earth's crust. The complexities of natural landscapes are greater than the simple buildings and flatness of the surface those collectively introduce the features of the surface. Landscapes are usually better explained by understanding the factors that cause them, because each of the terrestrial landscapes are remnants of various geomorphological factors that cannot be easily identified and need further investigation. William Morris Davis is an American geomorphologist who was the first to offer a general view of the Earth's appearance.

scholarly journals INQUIRY INTO VERTICAL MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH‘S CRUST BASED ON SAMPLES FROM EASTERN LITHUANIA

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Ruta Puziene ◽  
Asta Anikeniene ◽  
Gitana Karsokiene
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Correlation Matrices ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Statistical Correlations ◽  
Horizontal Gradients ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Made In

In the research of vertical movements of the earth’s crust, examination of statistical correlations between the measured vertical movements of the earth’s crust and territorial geo-indexes is accomplished with the help of mathematical statistical analysis. Availability of the precise repeated levelling measuring data coupled with the preferred research methodology offer a chance to determine and predict recent vertical movements of the earth’s crust. For the inquiry into recent vertical movements of the earth’s crust, a Lithuanian class I vertical network levelling polygon was used. Drawing on measurements made in the polygon, vertical velocities of earth’s crust movements were calculated along the following levelling lines. For determining the relations shared by vertical movements of the earth’s crust and territorial geo-parameters, the following territory-defining parameters are accepted. Examination of the special qualities of relations shared by vertical movements of the earth’s crust and geo-parameters in the territory under research contributed to the computation of correlation matrices. Regression models are worked out taking into consideration only particular territory-defining geo-parameters, i.e. only those parameters which exhibit the following correlation coefficient value of the vertical earth’s crust movement velocity: r ≥ 0.50. A forecast of the velocities pertaining to vertical movements of the earth’s crust in the territory under examination was made with the application of regression models. Further in the process of this research, a map was compiled specifying the velocities of vertical movements of the earth’s crust in the territory. In the eastern part of this territory, the earth’s crust rises at a rate of up to 3 mm/year; while in the western part of it, the earth crust lowers at a rate of up to –1.5 mm/year. In order to pinpoint territories characterised by temperate and regular rising/lowering or intensive rising/lowering, a map of horizontal gradients of recent vertical earth crust movements in the territory enclosed by levelling polygon was compiled.

scholarly journals Improving of electrical channels for magnetotelluric sounding instrumentation

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Prystai ◽  
V. O. Pronenko
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Magnetotelluric Sounding ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Geomagnetic Variations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Earth's Crust

Abstract. The study of the deep structure of the Earth's crust is of great interest for both applied (e.g. mineral exploration) and scientific research. For this the electromagnetic (EM) studies which enable one to construct the distribution of electrical conductivity in the Earth's crust are of great use. The most common method of EM exploration is magnetotelluric sounding (MT). This passive method of research uses a wide range of natural geomagnetic variations as a powerful source of electromagnetic induction in the Earth, producing telluric current variations there. It includes the measurements of variations of natural electric and magnetic fields in orthogonal directions at the surface of the Earth. By this, the measurements of electric fields are much more complicated metrological processes, and, namely, they limit the precision of MT prospecting. This is especially complicated at deep sounding when measurements of long periods are of interest. The increase in the accuracy of the electric field measurement can significantly improve the quality of MT data. Because of this, the development of a new version of an instrument for the measurements of electric fields at MT – both electric field sensors and the electrometer – with higher levels relative to the known instrument parameter level – was initiated. The paper deals with the peculiarities of this development and the results of experimental tests of the new sensors and electrometers included as a unit in the long-period magnetotelluric station LEMI-420 are given.

Metamorphic Rocks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Maltman
Keyword(s):  
Metamorphic Rock ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Tectonic Plates ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Increased Pressure

We come now to the metamorphic rocks, the result of modifications to already existing rock. I’m well aware that this can all seem a bit mysterious. After all, no one has ever seen the changes take place; no one has ever witnessed a metamorphic rock form—the processes are imperceptibly slow, and they happen deep in the Earth’s crust, way out of sight. Why should these changes happen? Well, they are primarily driven by increases in pressure and temperature, so we begin with a look at these two factors. There are sites in the Earth’s crust where material becomes progressively buried. It happens, for example, where a tectonic plate is driving underneath another one, taking rocks ever deeper as it descends. It can happen in the central area of a plate that is stretching and sagging, allowing thick accumulations of sediment. It’s pretty self-evident that as buried material gets deeper, because of the growing weight of rocks above bearing down due to gravity, it becomes subjected to increasing burial pressure. Less intuitive, though, is the fact that this pressure acts on a volume of rock equally in all directions. Imagine a small volume of rock at depth. It’s bearing the weight of the rocks above it, and so it responds by trying to move downward and to spread out laterally. Of course, it can’t because it’s constrained all around by other volumes of rock that are trying to do exactly the same thing. And so the downward gravity is translated into an all-around pressure. It’s the same effect as diving down to the bottom of a swimming pool. You feel the increased pressure owing to the weight of water above, but you feel it equally in all directions. All-round pressure like this can cause things to change in volume, through changing their density, but it can’t change their shape. However, there can be another kind of pressure as well, and this does have direction, and it can cause change of shape. In the Earth, we call it tectonic stress. It comes about through heat-driven motions in the Earth, including the movement of tectonic plates.

scholarly journals Critically Stressed Areas of Earth’s Crust as Medium for Man-caused Hazards

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 02007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrian Batugin
Keyword(s):  
Critical Stress ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Induced Earthquake ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Stress Zone ◽  
Mining Works ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Rock Strata ◽  
Insight Into

Despite advances in rockburst studies, suddenness of major geodynamic events is reported in a number of cases. Phenomenological tectonophysical model is suggested to explain some geodynamics phenomena. Prof. Petukhov I.M. suggested a concept: the Earth crust's critical stress condition is developed due to horizontal compressive forces and entrains rock strata from the sub-surface to a certain depth. The conditions that induced earthquake in 2013 at Bachat coal field in south west Kuzbass are considered in terms of critical stress developed in the top layer of the Earth crust. Estimates show that the size of the critical stress zone, produced presumably by interaction of huge (over 100 km) crustal blocks is at least 10km. Whereas critical stress zone is located in the top part of Earth's crust, mining operations in the pit including blast operations was making a direct impact on this area. Shallow occurrence of critical stress area and its size can provide insight into why mining works brought about induced earthquake with hypocenter at the depth of several kilometers. The conclusion has been made that regional areas of critical stress within rock massif developed as a result of crustal blocks interaction create hazard medium for mining.

scholarly journals Accelerated non-linear destruction of the earth's crust

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-290
Author(s):  
E. V. Artyushkov
Keyword(s):  
Lower Crust ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Crustal Rocks ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lithospheric Plates ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Major Hydrocarbon

The upper part of the Earth—the lithospheric layer,∼100 km thick, is rigid. Segments of this spherical shell–lithospheric plates are drifting over a ductile asthenosphere. On the continents, the lithosphere includes the Earth's crust,∼40 km thick, which is underlain by peridotitic rocks of the mantle. In most areas, at depths∼20–40 km the continental crust is composed of basalts with density∼2900kg m−3. At temperature and pressure typical for this depth, basalts are metastable and should transform into another assemblage of minerals which corresponds to garnet granulites and eclogites with higher densities 3300–3600 kgm−3. The rate of this transformation is extremely low in dry rocks, and the associated contraction of basalts evolves during the time≥108a. To restore the Archimede's equilibrium, the crust subsides with a formation of sedimentary basins, up to 10–15 km deep.Volumes of hot mantle with a water-containing fluid emerge sometimes from a deep mantle to the base of the lithosphere. Fluids infiltrate into the crust through the mantle part of the lithosphere. They catalyze the reaction in the lower crust which results in rock contraction with a formation of deep water basins at the surface during∼106a. The major hydrocarbon basins of the world were formed in this way. Infiltration of fluids strongly reduces the viscosity of the lithosphere, which is evidenced by narrow-wavelength deformations of this layer. At times of softening of the mantle part of the lithosphere, it becomes convectively replaced by a hotter and lighter asthenosphere. This process has resulted in the formation of many mountain ranges and high plateaus during the last several millions of years. Softening of the whole lithospheric layer which is rigid under normal conditions allows its strong compressive and tensile deformations. At the epochs of compression, a large portion of dense eclogites that were formed from basalts in the lower crust sink deeply into the mantle. In some cases they carry down lighter blocks of granites and sedimentary rocks of the upper crust which delaminate from eclogitic blocks and emerge back to the crust. Such blocks of upper crustal rocks include diamonds and other minerals which were formed at a depth of 100–150 km.

I.—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos.—Second Series

1876 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Judd
Keyword(s):  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Preliminary Stage ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Sedimentary Deposits ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Green Mountains

The study of the great mountain ranges of America by Rogers, Hall, Dana, Le Conte, Hunt, and other geologists, has now thrown much new light on the earth-movements which precede and accompany the formation of mountain chains. As the result of these researches, it appears certain that the preliminary stage in the formation of every mountain system has consisted in a long-continued depression of the area which is afterwards to become its site; and, in consequence of this prolonged subsidence, the accumulation of an enormous thickness of stratified rocks, within the great trough so formed, has taken place. Of this character, as is now well known, have been the earlier manifestations of the subterranean forces that were concerned in the formation of the Appalachians, Green Mountains, and other American ranges; the districts in which they are situated were subjected to long-continued depression, which permitted of an abnormal development of all the members of the sedimentary deposits formed during this initiatory period; and it was by the folding, metamorphism and crushing together of this abnormally thickened portion of the earth's crust that the indurated and elevated masses have been formed which denudation has sculptured into the existing mountain chains.

Active faulting, recent deformation and displacement of earth surface of large sedimentary basins of the earth's crust

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
A.T. Donabedov ◽  
V.A. Sidorov ◽  
A.S. Grigoriev ◽  
A.V. Michailova ◽  
Z.E. Shachmuradova
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Earth Surface ◽  
Active Faulting ◽  
Earth's Crust

scholarly journals ZONES OF RECENT ACTIVATION AND SCHEME OF THE EARTH CRUST PERMEABILITY OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
V.V. Gordienko ◽  
L.Ya. Gordienko ◽  
J.A. Goncharova ◽  
V.M. Tarasov
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Previous Analysis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Continue Research ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Background Gas

An attempt is considered to supplement the criteria for identifying zones of recent activation in the territory of Ukraine with another one — data on the results of studies of helium concentration in ground-water. The previous analysis of information showed that as regional criteria, information can be applied on anomalies in heat flow, increased electrical conductivity of Earth’s crustal and the upper mantle rocks, distribution of mantle gravitational anomalies, and surface uplifts over the past millions of years. They were chosen among others precisely because of the dissemination of relevant information throughout the country. This requirement is also met by the permeability Scheme of the earth’s crust of Ukraine, which is a fragment of the permeability Scheme of the earth’s crust of the European part of the USSR based on the results of helium studies. The principal applicability of such information for solving the problem is shown. Areas of maximum helium concentrations in near-surface waters are indicated, primarily those associated with disjunctive dislocation. Theу are concentrated in the south-west of Ukraine and in Moldova. The disadvantages of the Scheme are noted, due to poor study and significant variations in background gas concentrations, directly caused not by recent activation, but by the peculiarities of helium generation by rocks of the upper part of the earth’s crust. There are inconsistencies between the previously obtained ideas about the activated zones and the data of the Scheme. They are especially large in the Carpathian, Crimean and Donetsk regions, and are noticeable in others. Therefore, it seems necessary, first, to continue research, thicken the network of observations and develop a methodology for analyzing their results.

scholarly journals An investigation of the movement of water and petroleum through rock under high pressure

1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ward Wesley Kelley
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth's Crust

... Then working upon the problems of underground water supply, ore deposits, and petroleum accumulations, the lack of definite informatlon regarding the laws which govern the movement of liquids through the rocks making up the earth's crust is a great stumbling block to investigation. In the fall of 1916 the writer undertook to study the laws which govern the movement of water and petroleum through rocks with conditions of pressure as nearly as possible like those deep in the earth.

scholarly journals ABOUT A POSSIBLE CONNECTION BETWEEN EARTHQUAKES AND LUNAR-SOLAR GRAVITY VARIATIONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Antonov
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Extreme Points ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Maximum Gradient ◽  
The Earth ◽  
External Impact ◽  
Gravity Variations ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Solar Gravity

A possible correlation between the destructive earthquakes of magnitude M = 7 and above and luni-solar gravity variations between 1975 and 2015 has been analyzed. The lunar-solar variations are characterized by three extreme points: the maximum and minimum values of gravity, and the maximum rate of change of variations. At this time, there is an extreme impact of lunar-solar attraction on the earth’s crust and the Earth as a whole. Variations can be a source of irreversible deformation in the earth’s crust. If in this case, there is an additional external impact of space factors, the probability of an earthquake is increased. In a time, the earthquakes are grouped near extremes of lunar-solar variations: half of the events are associated with the maximum gradient of variations change, and the second half is equally confined to the maximum and minimum value of gravity variations. Lunar-solar variations of gravity in conjunction with other cosmic influences can cause earthquakes.

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