[27] Identification of attachment sites and structural classes of asparagine-linked carbohydrates in glycoproteins

: Peptides are considered to be appropriate tools in various biological fields. They can be primarily used for the rational design of bioactive molecules. They can act as ligands in the development of targeted therapeutics as well as diagnostics, can be used in the design of vaccines or can be employed in agriculture. Peptides can be classified in two broad structural classes: linear and cyclic peptides. Monocyclic peptides are a class of polypeptides with one macrocyclic ring that bears advantages, such as more selective binding and uptake by the target receptor, as well as higher potency and stability compared to linear types. This paper provides an overview of the categories, synthesis methods and various applications of cyclic peptides. The various applications of cyclic peptides include their use as pro-apoptotic and anti-microbial agents, their application as targeting ligands in drug delivery and diagnostic agents, as well as agricultural and therapeutics applications that are elaborated and discussed in this paper.

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Prediction of protein structural classes using support vector machines

Amino Acids ◽

10.1007/s00726-005-0239-0 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 469-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

X.-D. Sun ◽

R.-B. Huang

Keyword(s):

Support Vector Machines ◽

Support Vector ◽

Vector Machines ◽

Structural Classes

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Bilin attachment sites in the alpha and beta subunits of B-phycoerythrin. Structural studies on the singly linked phycoerythrobilins.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91037-9 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 259 (9) ◽

pp. 5485-5489 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R W Schoenleber ◽

D J Lundell ◽

A N Glazer ◽

H Rapoport

Keyword(s):

Beta Subunits ◽

Structural Studies ◽

Attachment Sites

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Medial collateral ligament reconstruction graft isometry is effected by femoral position more than tibial position

Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy ◽

10.1007/s00167-020-06420-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christoph Kittl ◽

James Robinson ◽

Michael J. Raschke ◽

Arne Olbrich ◽

Andre Frank ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medial Collateral Ligament ◽

Knee Flexion ◽

Length Change ◽

Collateral Ligament ◽

Complex Behaviour ◽

Femoral Attachment ◽

Attachment Sites ◽

Custom Made ◽

Length Changes ◽

Graft Length

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the length change patterns of the native medial structures of the knee and determine the effect on graft length change patterns for different tibial and femoral attachment points for previously described medial reconstructions. Methods Eight cadaveric knee specimens were prepared by removing the skin and subcutaneous fat. The sartorius fascia was divided to allow clear identification of the medial ligamentous structures. Knees were then mounted in a custom-made rig and the quadriceps muscle and the iliotibial tract were loaded, using cables and hanging weights. Threads were mounted between tibial and femoral pins positioned in the anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the attachment sites of the native superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) and posterior oblique ligament (POL). Pins were also placed at the attachment sites relating to two commonly used medial reconstructions (Bosworth/Lind and LaPrade). Length changes between the tibiofemoral pin combinations were measured using a rotary encoder as the knee was flexed through an arc of 0–120°. Results With knee flexion, the anterior fibres of the sMCL tightened (increased in length 7.4% ± 2.9%) whilst the posterior fibres slackened (decreased in length 8.3% ± 3.1%). All fibre regions of the POL displayed a uniform lengthening of approximately 25% between 0 and 120° knee flexion. The most isometric tibiofemoral combination was between pins placed representing the middle fibres of the sMCL (Length change = 5.4% ± 2.1% with knee flexion). The simulated sMCL reconstruction that produced the least length change was the Lind/Bosworth reconstruction with the tibial attachment at the insertion of the semitendinosus and the femoral attachment in the posterior part of the native sMCL attachment side (5.4 ± 2.2%). This appeared more isometric than using the attachment positions described for the LaPrade reconstruction (10.0 ± 4.8%). Conclusion The complex behaviour of the native MCL could not be imitated by a single point-to-point combination and surgeons should be aware that small changes in the femoral MCL graft attachment position will significantly effect graft length change patterns. Reconstructing the sMCL with a semitendinosus autograft, left attached distally to its tibial insertion, would appear to have a minimal effect on length change compared to detaching it and using the native tibial attachment site. A POL graft must always be tensioned near extension to avoid capturing the knee or graft failure.

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Non-Nucleoside Agonists of the Adenosine Receptors: An Overview

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph12040150 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 150 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dal Ben ◽

Lambertucci ◽

Buccioni ◽

Martí Navia ◽

Marucci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adenosine Receptors ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Great Majority ◽

Synthetic Route ◽

Wide Range ◽

Pharmacological Interest ◽

Molecular Modeling Studies ◽

Synthetic Routes ◽

Alternative Set ◽

Structural Classes

Potent and selective adenosine receptor (AR) agonists are of pharmacological interest for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions. Among these derivatives, nucleoside-based agonists represent the great majority of molecules developed and reported to date. However, the limited availability of compounds selective for a specific AR subtype (i.e., A2BAR) and a generally long and complex synthetic route for largely substituted nucleosides are the main drawbacks of this category of molecules. Non-nucleoside agonists represent an alternative set of compounds able to stimulate the AR function and based on simplified structures. This review provides an updated overview on the structural classes of non-nucleoside AR agonists and their biological activities, with emphasis on the main derivatives reported in the literature. A focus is also given to the synthetic routes employed to develop these derivatives and on molecular modeling studies simulating their interaction with ARs.

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Glycosylation of matrix metalloproteases and tissue inhibitors: present state, challenges and opportunities

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj20151154 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 473 (11) ◽

pp. 1471-1482 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Lise Boon ◽

Estefania Ugarte-Berzal ◽

Jennifer Vandooren ◽

Ghislain Opdenakker

Keyword(s):

Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽

Present State ◽

Cellular Localization ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Matrix Metalloproteases ◽

Inhibitor Binding ◽

Attachment Sites ◽

Functional Aspects ◽

Functional Implications ◽

Challenges And Opportunities

Current knowledge about the glycosylation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is reviewed. Whereas structural and functional aspects of the glycobiology of many MMPs is unknown, research on MMP-9 and MMP-14 glycosylation reveals important functional implications, such as altered inhibitor binding and cellular localization. This, together with the fact that MMPs contain conserved and many potential attachment sites for N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides, proves the need for further studies on MMP glycobiology.

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