Effect of PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α and PGI2 on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamine responses to spinal cord stimulation in the rat

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giora Feuerstein ◽  
Irwin J. Kopin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Spinal Cord Stimulation ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine

scholarly journals Acute Cardiovascular Effects of Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation

2007 ◽  
Vol 5;10 (9;5) ◽  
pp. 677-685
Author(s):  
David M. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Spinal Cord Stimulation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Arterial Blood

Background: Several animal studies support the contention that thoracic spinal cord stimulation (SCS) might decrease arterial blood pressure. Objective: To determine if electrical stimulation of the dorsal spinal cord in humans will lower mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). Design: Case Series Methods: Ten normotensive subjects that were clinically indicated for SCS testing were studied. Two of the 10 patients who underwent testing were excluded from the analysis because they did not respond to the Cold Pressor Test (CPT). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were measured continuously at the wrist (using the Vasotrac device). SCS was administered with quadripolar leads implanted into the epidural space under fluoroscopic guidance. SCS was randomly performed either in the T1-T2 or T5-T6 region of the spinal cord during normal conditions as well as during transient stress induced by CPT. The CPT was conducted by immersing the non-dominant hand in ice-cold water for 2 minutes. Results: There were moderate decreases in MAP and HR during SCS at the T5-T6 region compared to baseline that did not reach statistical significance. However, SCS at the T1-T2 region tended to increase MAP and HR compared to baseline but the change did not reach statistical significance. Arterial blood pressure was transiently elevated by 9.4 ± 3.8 mmHg using CPT during the control period with SCS turned off and also during SCS at either the T1-T2 region or T5-T6 region of the spinal cord (by 9.2 ± 5 mmHg and 10.7 ± 8.4 mmHg, respectively). During SCS at T5-T6, the CPT significantly increased MAP by 5.9±7.1 mmHg compared to control CPT (SCS off). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that SCS at either the T1-T2 or T5-T6 region did not significantly alter MAP or HR compared to baseline (no SCS). However, during transcient stress (elevated sympathetic tone) induced by CPT, there was a significant increase in MAP and moderate decrease in HR during SCS at T5-T6 region, which is not consistent with previous data in the literature. Acute SCS did not result in adverse cardiovascular responses and proved to be safe. Key words: Spinal cord stimulation, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cold pressor test

Hemodynamic and Catecholamine Responses to Laryngoscopy and Tracheal Intubation in Patients with Complete Spinal Cord Injuries

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung Y. Yoo ◽  
JongUn Lee ◽  
Hak S. Kim ◽  
Woong M. Im
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Tracheal Intubation ◽  
Endotracheal Intubation ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Cord Injury

Background Endotracheal intubation in patients undergoing general anesthesia often causes hypertension and tachycardia, which may be altered when the efferent sympathetic fiber to the cardiovascular system is interrupted. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of different levels of spinal cord injury on the cardiovascular responses to intubation. Methods Fifty-four patients with traumatic complete cord injuries requiring tracheal intubation were grouped into quadriplegics (above C7; n = 22), high paraplegics (T1-T4, n = 8), and low paraplegics (below T5, n = 24) according to the level of injury. Twenty patients without spinal injury served as controls. Arterial pressure, heart rate, and rhythm were recorded at intervals for up to 5 min after intubation. Plasma concentrations of catecholamines were also measured. Results The intubation increased the systolic blood pressure similarly in control, high-paraplegic, and low-paraplegic groups (P < 0.05), whereas it did not alter the blood pressure in the quadriplegic group. Heart rate was significantly increased in all groups; however, the magnitude was more pronounced in the high-paraplegic group (67%) than in the control (38%) and quadriplegic (33%) groups. Plasma concentrations of norepinephrine were significantly increased after intubation in all groups; however, values were lower in the quadriplegic group and higher in the low-paraplegic group compared with those in the control group. Incidence of arrhythmias did not differ among groups. Conclusions The cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine changes associated with endotracheal intubation may differ according to the affected level in patients with complete spinal cord injuries.

Diurnal Blood Pressure Variation in Quadriplegic Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients

1991 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Krum ◽  
William J. Louis ◽  
Douglas J. Brown ◽  
Graham P. Jackman ◽  
Laurence G. Howes
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Ambulatory Monitoring ◽  
Pressure Variation ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Blood Pressure Variation ◽  
Neurologically Intact

1. Measurement of blood pressure and heart rate over a 24 h period was peformed in 10 quadriplegic spinal cord injury patients and 10 immobilized, neurologically intact orthopaedic subjects by using the Spacelabs 90207 automated ambulatory monitoring system. 2. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell significantly at night in orthopaedic subjects but not in quadriplegic patients, and night-time blood pressures were similar in both groups. 3. Cumulative summation of differences from a reference value (cusum analysis) confirmed a markedly diminished diurnal blood pressure variation in the quadriplegic patients. 4. These findings could not be accounted for on the basis of blood pressure variations during chronic postural change. 5. Heart rate fell significantly at night in both groups. 6. The findings suggest that the increase in blood pressure during waking hours in neurologically intact subjects is a consequence of a diurnal variation in sympathetic activity (absent in quadriplegic patients with sympathetic decentralization) which is independent of changes in physical activity.

Effects of spinal cord transection on sympathetic discharge in decerebrate-unanesthetized cats

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (6) ◽  
pp. R1506-R1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Weaver ◽  
R. D. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Spinal Cord Transection ◽  
Renal Nerves ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Renal Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Discharge ◽  
Nerve Discharge

Previous experiments in our laboratory have shown that discharge of splenic, mesenteric, and splanchnic nerves is well maintained after spinal cord transection in chloralose-anesthetized cats (8, 9, 11). The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine if maintained sympathetic discharge could be observed after spinal transection in the absence of chloralose anesthesia. In cats anesthetized with alphaxalone-alphadolone, changes in splanchnic discharge, blood pressure, and heart rate caused by decerebration and removal of the forebrain were observed. This procedure decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and had no immediate effect on sympathetic discharge or its rhythm (assessed by power density spectral analysis). One hour after decerebration and termination of anesthesia, splanchnic discharge had increased by approximately 36%. Next, effects of spinal cord transection on discharge of splanchnic, mesenteric, and renal nerves were observed in the decerebrate-unanesthetized cats. Splanchnic discharge decreased by 50%, mesenteric nerve discharge was unchanged, and renal nerve discharge decreased by 97%. Therefore, splanchnic nerve discharge was not as well maintained in decerebrate-unanesthetized cats as it had been in chloralose-anesthetized animals, and the remaining splanchnic discharge appeared to affect mesenteric nerves preferentially. Finally, spectral analysis of the splanchnic discharge demonstrated that before cord transection, most of the signal was in the 0- to 6-Hz frequency range, whereas after transection the proportion of signal in this frequency range was significantly reduced and the proportion in higher frequencies (7-25 Hz) was significantly increased. This loss of low-frequency rhythmicity is consistent with findings in our previous studies in chloralose-anesthetized cats.

Cardiovascular and norepinephrine responses of men and women to two cold pressor tests

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. McLean ◽  
P. Sathasivam ◽  
K. MacNaughton ◽  
T. E. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
The Face ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses ◽  
Venous Plasma

Two types of cold pressor tests were used to study gender differences in cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses. Ten male and ten female, young, healthy Caucasian subjects participated. The tests consisted of (1) 5 °C air blown at 3.5–4 m/s onto part of the face for 4 min and (2) the open right hand immersed to the wrist in water at 5 °C for 4 min. Heart rate, blood pressure (BP), and venous plasma norepinephrine were collected before, during, and 5 min after the 4 min of cold exposures. Test order was decided by a Latin square design, and the subjects rested in a quiet room for 30 min between the two tests. All parameters demonstrated significant (p < 0.01) increases from rest during the cold tests. Gender differences were significant (p < 0.01) in diastolic and systolic BP in each test with the males having a greater response, but gender differences were not found in heart rate or norepinephrine concentration. The study demonstrated that gender differences exist in the blood pressure responses to local cold, but that the mechanisms involved do not include a parallel difference in heart rate or venous plasma norepinephrine concentration.Key words: blood pressure, gender differences, stroke volume.

Site of central chemosensitivity in fetal sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Jansen ◽  
V. Chernick
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Response ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Central Chemosensitivity ◽  
Cord Clamping ◽  
Chemosensitive Areas ◽  
Ventral Medullary Surface ◽  
Histotoxic Hypoxia

The heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory response to topically applied cyanide on the ventrolateral medullary surface and upper spinal cord was studied on exteriorized sinaortic-denervated fetal lambs under pentobarbital anesthesia. On all sites tested cyanide produced a rapid increase in heart rate and blood pressure (P smaller than 0.05) which was most pronounced from the area adjacent to the nerve roots IX to XI (mean 32%). Respiratory efforts consisting of 1–8 gasps were induced in half the applications to the medulla but never when the pledgets were applied to the spinal cord. The mean delay to response was 43 s (range 13–102 s). After cautery of the chemosensitive areas, topical application of cyanide failed to stimulate gasping, whereas intravenous cyanide or cord clamping still produced a vigorous respiratory response. It is concluded that sympathetic stimulation of the heart and blood vessels can originate centrally in response to local histotoxic hypoxia of the ventral medulla and upper spinal cord. Furthermore, it is proposed that in the apneic fetus histotoxic hypoxia of the medulla initiates respiration possibly by stimulating a special gasping mechanism which is separate from the respiratory center responsible for rhythmic breathing after birth. The responsible neurons must be located at least 2 mm beneath the ventral medullary surface.

Pentobarbital effects on plasma catecholamines: temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (1) ◽  
pp. E95-E100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Baum ◽  
J. B. Halter ◽  
G. J. Taborsky ◽  
D. Porte
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations

The effects of intravenous pentobarbital were studied in dogs. Plasma pentobarbital concentrations were inversely related to epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. Plasma catecholamines appeared fully suppressed at pentobarbital levels greater than 25-30 micrograms/ml. Furthermore, pentobarbital levels were negatively related to rectal temperature, heart rate, and mean blood pressure. The methods of pentobarbital administration influenced plasma pentobarbital as well as epinephrine and norepinephrine levels, temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. These observations suggest the possibility that pentobarbital inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn may affect temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Because pentobarbital anesthesia affects plasma catecholamine concentrations, the regimen used in animal models requires consideration when interpreting data potentially influenced by the sympathetic nervous system.

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