Financial policies and the world capital market: The problem of latin American countries

The orientation of a part of the population of economically developed countries to a healthy diet, the spread of ideas of vegetarianism, concern for the environment, and relatively higher incomes contributed to an increase in demand for fruits, berries and nuts of tropical and subtropical origin. Some of them, in particular bananas, oranges, tangerines, lemons, have become common food products and practically everyday consumption for the majority of the population of developed countries in the last quarter of the 20th century. In the future, some other types of fresh fruit and berry products from the tropics and subtropics (for example, pineapple, kiwi, avocado) gradually, due to increased production and international trade, also became more economically available to the ordinary consumer. Based on the analysis of statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for 1961-2019, the article shows a number of trends in international trade (for exports) of major tropical fruits are reflected, with a deeper look at the participation of Latin American countries in this process. It was revealed that some states of this region, such as Mexico, Ecuador, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Honduras, Peru, Brazil, Chile, occupy significant positions in the supply of bananas, pineapple, avocado, mango, papaya to the world market. Currently, Russia is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of imports of fruit and berry products, therefore, the issue of its participation as a subject of demand in the world tropical fruit market is raised.

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Spanish-speaking Anarchists in the United States

Writing Revolution ◽

10.5622/illinois/9780252042744.003.0006 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 86-102

Author(s):

Susana Sueiro Seoane

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New York ◽

Latin American ◽

York City ◽

The United States ◽

The Other ◽

Spanish Speaking ◽

The World ◽

Latin American Countries ◽

Different Parts

This chapter analyzes Cultura Obrera (Labor Culture), published in New York City from 1911 to 1927. Pedro Esteve, the primary editor, gave expression to his ideas in this newspaper and while it represented Spanish firemen and marine workers, it reported on many other workers’ struggles in different parts of the world, for example, supporting and collecting funds for the Mexican revolutionary brothers Flores Magón. This newspaper, as all the anarchist press, was part of a transnational network and had a circulation not only in many parts of the United States but also in Latin American countries, including Argentina and Cuba, as well as on the other side of the Atlantic, in Spain and various European countries.

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The Spanish build their empire.

10.1079/9781789249743.0018 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 235-246

Author(s):

James F. Hancock

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

New Spain ◽

The Philippines ◽

Cape Verde ◽

The West ◽

The Pacific ◽

The World ◽

Galleon Trade ◽

Latin American Countries ◽

Mulberry Tree

Abstract The chapter summarizes the Spanish conquests and navigation. It also provides a brief summary of how Ferdinand Magellan found another route to the Pacific and the Moluccas, which led to the signing of Treaty of Tordesillas. This divided any newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal along a Meridian west of the Cape Verde Islands, but no line of demarcation had been set on the other side of the world. This meant that both countries could lay claim to the Spice Islands, as long as Portugal travelled there from the east and Spain from the west. After Magellan's conquest, the Spanish explore the Pacific, which gave them control over the Pacific countries including the Philippines. The chapter also discusses how the charting of 'Urdaneta's Route' made possible a trans-Pacific galleon trade and the profitable colonization of the Philippines and other Latin American countries. Soon ships were travelling regularly from Manila to New Spain. A complex trade network evolved that was truly global in nature. Into Manila would flow spices from the Moluccas and silk and porcelain from China. These would be shipped across the Pacific by the Spanish to Acapulco, a journey of four to six months. The silver came from Potosí, Bolivia where hundreds of thousands of enslaved Incan lives were sacrificed by the Spanish to extract that silver from the bowels of the earth. The mines became the centre of Spanish wealth and were the reason Spain remained powerful during the colonial period. From 1556 to 1783, they extracted some 45,000 tons of silver from these mines. Aside from these, is the silk production as New Spain had a native mulberry tree called the Morera criolla. The Spanish finished their conquest by 1521 and by 1523, the first silkworm eggs had been exported to Mexico. Finally, the chapter closes how England, by means of American privateers, fought off Portugal and Spain.

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Institutional Reform and Rights Revolutions in Latin America: The Cases of Costa Rica and Colombia

Journal of Politics in Latin America ◽

10.1177/1866802x0900100203 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 59-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Bruce M. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Costa Rica ◽

System Design ◽

Latin American ◽

Institutional Reform ◽

Judicial System ◽

Operating Rules ◽

High Courts ◽

The World ◽

Latin American Countries

This article analyzes the conditions that allowed for expansive rights revolutions in Costa Rica and Colombia. My research suggests that many of the preconditions for rights revolutions in other regions of the world are also central to understanding Latin American cases. Of particular relevance is judicial system design including the high courts’ operating rules concerning access, standing, and judicial formality. These factors can and do mitigate the need for extensive resources and support structures necessary in other non-Latin American countries in which rights revolutions have occurred.

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Smoke-Free Air Interventions in Seven Latin American Countries: Health and Financial Impact to Inform Evidence-Based Policy Implementation

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntaa133 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 2149-2157 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ariel Bardach ◽

María Belén Rodríguez ◽

Agustín Ciapponi ◽

Federico Augustovski ◽

Alcaraz Andrea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Tobacco Control ◽

Latin American ◽

Tobacco Smoking ◽

World Health ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Free Air ◽

The World ◽

Latin American Countries

Abstract Introduction Disease burden due to tobacco smoking in Latin America remains very high. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of implementing smoke-free air interventions on health and cost outcomes in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, using a mathematical model. Aims and Methods We built a probabilistic Monte Carlo microsimulation model, considering natural history, direct health system costs, and quality of life impairment associated with main tobacco-related diseases. We followed individuals in hypothetical cohorts and calculated health outcomes on an annual basis to obtain aggregated 10-year population health outcomes (deaths and events) and costs. To populate the model, we completed an overview and systematic review of the literature. Also, we calibrated the model comparing the predicted disease-specific mortality rates with those coming from local national statistics. Results With current policies, for the next 10 years, a total of 137 121 deaths and 917 210 events could be averted, adding 3.84 million years of healthy life and saving USD 9.2 billion in these seven countries. If countries fully implemented smoke-free air strategies, it would be possible to avert nearly 180 000 premature deaths and 1.2 million events, adding 5 million healthy years of life and saving USD 13.1 billion in direct healthcare. Conclusions Implementing the smoke-free air strategy would substantially reduce deaths, diseases, and health care costs attributed to smoking. Latin American countries should not delay the full implementation of this strategy. Implications Tobacco smoking is the single most preventable and premature mortality cause in the world. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, supported by the World Health Organization, introduced a package of evidence-based measures for tobacco control. This study adds quality evidence on the potential health effects and savings of implementing smoke-free air policies in countries representing almost 80% of the Latin America and the Caribbean population.

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Porfirian Commercial Propaganda: Mexico in the World Industrial Expositions

The Americas A Quarterly Review of Latin American History ◽

10.2307/981355 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 230-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Gene Yeager

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Latin American ◽

World Trade ◽

Gilded Age ◽

The United States ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

The World ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Latin American Countries ◽

Trade And Investment

Students of late nineteenth century history have long dismissed the world industrial expositions as glittering, but not highly significant reflections of the gilded age. What emerges from the literature of the period, however, is a sense of the overriding commercial importance of these exhibitions. Nineteenth-century observers consistently linked the fairs to the general growth of world trade and to the expanding commercial hegemony of the United States. More specifically, contemporaries agreed that the expositions served to develop trade and investment ties with Latin America. Among the Latin American countries represented in the expositions, Mexico was the most important and consistent participant.

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