The numerical matching of source and target populations in the CNS: the inferior olive to Purkinje cell projection

1996 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Herrup ◽  
Hadi Shojaeian-Zanjani ◽  
Lisa Panzini ◽  
Karen Sunter ◽  
Jean Mariani
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
Target Populations

The induction of multiple cell cycle events precedes target-related neuronal death

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (8) ◽  
pp. 2385-2395 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Herrup ◽  
J.C. Busser
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Granule Cells ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Related Cell

Unexpected nerve cell death has been reported in several experimental situations where neurons have been forced to re-enter the cell cycle after leaving the ventricular zone and entering the G0, non-mitotic stage. To determine whether an association between cell death and unscheduled cell cycling might be found in conjunction with any naturally occurring developmental events, we have examined target-related cell death in two neuronal populations, the granule cells of the cerebellar cortex and the neurons of the inferior olive. Both of these cell populations have a demonstrated developmental dependency on their synaptic target, the cerebellar Purkinje cell. Two mouse neurological mutants, staggerer (sg/sg) and lurcher (+/Lc), are characterized by intrinsic Purkinje cell deficiencies and, in both mutants, substantial numbers of cerebellar granule cells and inferior olive neurons die due to the absence of trophic support from their main postsynaptic target. We report here that the levels of three independent cell cycle markers--cyclin D, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation--are elevated in the granule cells before they die. Although lurcher Purkinje cells die during a similar developmental period, no compelling evidence for any cell cycle involvement in this instance of pre-programmed cell death could be found. While application of the TUNEL technique (in situ terminal transferase end-labeling of fragmented DNA) failed to label dying granule cells in either mutant, light and electron microscopic observations are consistent with the interpretation that the death of these cells is apoptotic in nature. Together, the data indicate that target-related cell death in the developing central nervous system is associated with a mechanism of cell death that involves an apparent loss of cell cycle control.

Developmental Changes in Evoked Purkinje Cell Complex Spike Responses

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 2349-2357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Nicholson ◽  
John H. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
Cell Complex ◽  
Climbing Fibers ◽  
Somatosensory Stimulation ◽  
Complex Spike ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Inhibitory Feedback ◽  
Complex Spikes

The development of synaptic interconnections between the cerebellum and inferior olive, the sole source of climbing fibers, could contribute to the ontogeny of certain forms of motor learning (e.g., eyeblink conditioning). Purkinje cell complex spikes are produced exclusively by climbing fibers and exhibit short- and long-latency activity in response to somatosensory stimulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that evoked short- and long-latency complex spikes generally occur on separate trials and that this response segregation is regulated by inhibitory feedback to the inferior olive. The present experiment tested the hypothesis that complex spikes evoked by periorbital stimulation are regulated by inhibitory feedback from the cerebellum and that this feedback develops between postnatal days (PND) 17 and 24. Recordings from individual Purkinje cell complex spikes in urethan-anesthetized rats indicated that the segregation of short- and long-latency evoked complex spike activity emerges between PND17 and PND24. In addition, infusion of picrotoxin, a GABAA-receptor antagonist, into the inferior olive abolished the response pattern segregation in PND24 rats, producing evoked complex spike response patterns similar to those characteristic of younger rats. These data support the view that cerebellar feedback to the inferior olive, which is exclusively inhibitory, undergoes substantial changes in the same developmental time window in which certain forms of motor learning emerge.

scholarly journals Time and Frequency Characteristics of Purkinje Cell Complex Spikes in the Awake Monkey Performing a Nonperiodic Task

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 1032-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahin Hakimian ◽  
Scott A. Norris ◽  
Bradley Greger ◽  
Jeffrey G. Keating ◽  
Charles H. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Refractory Period ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
Frequency Characteristics ◽  
Climbing Fibers ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Direct Test ◽  
Relative Refractory Period ◽  
Periodic Signals ◽  
Complex Spikes

A number of studies have been interpreted to support the view that the inferior olive climbing fibers send periodic signals to the cerebellum to time and pace behavior. In a direct test of this hypothesis in macaques performing nonperiodic tasks, we analyzed continuous recordings of complex spikes from the lateral cerebellar hemisphere. We found no periodicity outside of a 100-ms relative refractory period.

scholarly journals Purkinje cells located in the adult zebrafish valvula cerebelli exhibit variable functional responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weipang Chang ◽  
Andrea Pedroni ◽  
Reinhard W. Köster ◽  
Stefania Giacomello ◽  
Konstantinos Ampatzis
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Functional Differences

AbstractPurkinje cells are critically involved in processing the cerebellar functions by shaping and coordinating commands that they receive. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that in the adult zebrafish valvular part of the cerebellum, the Purkinje cells exhibited variable firing and functional responses and allowed the categorization into three firing classes. Compared with the Purkinje cells in the corpus cerebelli, the valvular Purkinje cells receive weak and occasional input from the inferior olive and are not active during locomotion. Together, our findings expand further the regional functional differences of the Purkinje cell population and expose their non-locomotor functionality.

scholarly journals Ethanol effects on the olivocerebellar system

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 610-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Sinclair ◽  
G. F. Lo ◽  
D. P. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
Climbing Fibre ◽  
Complex Spike ◽  
Anaesthetized Rats ◽  
Cerebellar Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cell Synapse

Ethanol (1.5 g/kg i.v.) was found to decrease spontaneous complex spike (CS) activity in cerebellar Purkinje cells in urethane anaesthetized rats while not changing the threshold required to evoke a CS by juxtafastigial stimulation. Thus ethanol does not decrease CS activity by an action at the climbing fibre – Purkinje cell synapse. Tremor induced by harmaline (5 mg/kg i.v.) in unanaesthetized animals was markedly antagonized by ethanol (0.5–2.0 g/kg i.v.) in all animals tested. However, in nine urethane-anaesthetized animals, ethanol markedly reversed the effects of harmaline on Purkinje cells in only two cases and partially reversed the effects in another four cells. Thus, the depressant effects of ethanol on the inferior olive is not totally responsible for the blockade of the harmaline tremor but would account for the decrease in spontaneous CS activity.

scholarly journals Association Between Dendritic Lamellar Bodies and Complex Spike Synchrony in the Olivocerebellar System

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1747-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. I. De Zeeuw ◽  
S.K.E. Koekkoek ◽  
D.R.W. Wylie ◽  
J. I. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Climbing Fibers ◽  
Lamellar Bodies ◽  
Spike Synchrony ◽  
Complex Spike ◽  
Simple Spike

De Zeeuw, C. I., S.K.E. Koekkoek, D.R.W. Wylie, and J. I. Simpson. Association between dendritic lamellar bodies and complex spike synchrony in the olivocerebellar system. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1747–1758, 1997. Dendritic lamellar bodies have been reported to be associated with dendrodendritic gap junctions. In the present study we investigated this association at both the morphological and electrophysiological level in the olivocerebellar system. Because cerebellar GABAergic terminals are apposed to olivary dendrites coupled by gap junctions, and because lesions of cerebellar nuclei influence the coupling between neurons in the inferior olive, we postulated that if lamellar bodies and gap junctions are related, then the densities of both structures will change together when the cerebellar input is removed. Lesions of the cerebellar nuclei in rats and rabbits resulted in a reduction of the density of lamellar bodies, the number of lamellae per lamellar body, and the density of gap junctions in the inferior olive, whereas the number of olivary neurons was not significantly reduced. The association between lamellar bodies and electrotonic coupling was evaluated electrophysiologically in alert rabbits by comparing the occurrence of complex spike synchrony in different Purkinje cell zones of the flocculus that receive their climbing fibers from olivary subnuclei with different densities of lamellar bodies. The complex spike synchrony of Purkinje cell pairs, that receive their climbing fibers from an olivary subnucleus with a high density of lamellar bodies, was significantly higher than that of Purkinje cells, that receive their climbing fibers from a subnucleus with a low density of lamellar bodies. To investigate whether the complex spike synchrony is related to a possible synchrony between simple spikes, we recorded simultaneously the complex spike and simple spike responses of Purkinje cell pairs during natural visual stimulation. Synchronous simple spike responses did occur, and this synchrony tended to increase as the synchrony between the complex spikes increased. This relation raises the possibility that synchronously activated climbing fibers evoke their effects in part via the simple spike response of Purkinje cells. The present results indicate that dendritic lamellar bodies and dendrodendritic gap junctions can be downregulated concomitantly, and that the density of lamellar bodies in different olivary subdivisions is correlated with the degree of synchrony of their climbing fiber activity. Therefore these data support the hypothesis that dendritic lamellar bodies can be associated with dendrodendritic gap junctions. Considering that the density of dedritic lamellar bodies in the inferior olive is higher than in any other area of the brain, this conclusion implies that electrotonic coupling is important for the function of the olivocerebellar system.

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