<p>Storm Xaver impacted the northern Europe on 5-6 December 2013. &#160;It developed southeast of Greenland and passed north of Scotland and across southern Norway on a trajectory that led to a cold air outbreak across the North Sea and intense convection activity in northern Europe.&#160; Strong sustained north winds led to a high storm surge that impacted all countries bordering the North Sea. &#160;Storm Xaver was a century scale event with certain locations around the North Sea reporting their highest ever water levels since the start of modern records.&#160; Media reports from the time of the storm chronicle the scale of the disruptions, including many cancelled flights, interrupted rail networks, closed bridges and roads, coastal building collapses, and power blackouts across northern Europe. &#160;Much of this was due to the strong winds, but coastal storm surge flooding was important in the UK, and it led to interrupted port operations around the North Sea.</p><p>The storm was important for energy infrastructure and particularly for wind energy infrastructure.&#160; In the northern North Sea, petroleum platforms were evacuated and operations closed ahead of the storm as a precautionary measure.&#160; A number of onshore wind turbines were badly damaged by high winds and lightning strikes in the UK and Germany.&#160; Over the North Sea, wind speeds exceeded the turbine shutdown threshold of 25 m/s for an extended period of time, with economic impacts from the loss of power generation.&#160;&#160; In the German Bight, the FINO1 offshore wind energy research platform was damaged at the 15 m level by large waves. &#160;This was the third report of storm damage to this platform after Storm Britta in 2006 and Storm Tilo in 2007. &#160;Researchers have highlighted the need to reassess&#160; the design criteria for offshore wind turbines based on these kinds of extreme meteorological events. &#160;For the offshore wind industry, an important element of energy meteorology is to characterize both the evolving wind and wave fields during severe storms as both elements contribute to turbine loads and potential damage.</p><p>The present conference contribution presents a literature review of the major events during Storm Xaver and impacts on energy infrastructure.&#160; Tide gauge records are reanalyzed to trace the progress of the storm surge wave around the North Sea.&#160; A spectral analysis is used to separate the long period storm surge component, diurnal/semidiurnal tide, and short period components in the original water level record. &#160;The short period component of the tide gauge record is important as it may be linked with infragravity waves that have been implicated in certain cases of offshore infrastructure damage in addition to coastal erosion. &#160;Discussion is made of offshore wave records during the storm.&#160; Storm Xaver is compared with two damaging offshore storms in 2006 and 2007.</p>
Storm Tilo over Europe in November 2007: storm surge and impacts on societal and energy infrastructure
