Astrocytes and extracellular matrix following intracerebral transplantation of embryonic ventral mesencephalon or lateral ganglionic eminence

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of fetal lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) on nerve fiber outgrowth formed by fetal ventral mesencephalon (VM). Organotypic tissue cultures of fetal VM and LGE plated as single or cocultures were employed. Survival time was 3–21 days in vitro. Nerve fiber outgrowth and migration of astrocytes were analyzed using immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and S100. In addition, cultures were labeled with the TUNEL technique and with antibodies directed against neurofilament (NF) in order to study apoptosis and retraction of nerve fibers, respectively. The results revealed two morphologically different types of TH-positive outgrowth growing into the substrate. The initially formed TH-positive outgrowth radiated continuously without changing direction, while a second wave of TH-positive outgrowth became obvious when the initial growth already had reached a distance of approximately 1000 μm. The second wave of TH-positive outgrowth radiated from the tissue, but at a certain distance changed direction and formed a network surrounding the culture. The initially formed TH-positive growth was not associated with the presence of S100-positive astrocytes and avoided to grow into the LGE. At longer time points the first wave of TH-positive nerve fibers appeared dotted, with disrupted NF-immunoreactive fibers and in most cultures these long distance growing fibers had disappeared at 21 days in vitro. The second wave of TH-positive nerve fibers was growing onto a layer of glia and never reached the distance of the first wave. LGE became innervated by TH-positive fibers at the time point for when the second wave of TH-positive growth had been initiated, and the innervation appeared in TH-dense patches that also showed a high density of S100-positive astrocytes. Significantly increased TUNEL activity within LGE portion of cocultures was observed when TH-positive fibers entered the LGE and formed patches. In conclusion, two morphologically different types of TH-positive outgrowth were found and the initially formed fibers neither targeted the LGE nor were they guided by glial cells, but their potential to grow for long distances was high.

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Intracerebral Transplantation of Fetal Ventral Mesencephalon for Patients with Advanced Parkinson's Disease

Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery ◽

10.1159/000099859 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 69 (1-4) ◽

pp. 99-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Marc Levivier ◽

Sophie Dethy ◽

Frédéric Rodesch ◽

Marc Peschanski ◽

Arlette Vandesteene ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Ventral Mesencephalon ◽

Advanced Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Intracerebral Transplantation

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Regionalization within the mammalian telencephalon is mediated by changes in responsiveness to Sonic Hedgehog

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.125.24.5079 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 125 (24) ◽

pp. 5079-5089 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J.D. Kohtz ◽

D.P. Baker ◽

G. Corte ◽

G. Fishell

Keyword(s):

Basal Ganglia ◽

Globus Pallidus ◽

Sonic Hedgehog ◽

Adult Brain ◽

Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Lateral Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Expression Characteristic ◽

Sonic Hedgehog Gene ◽

Embryonic Structure ◽

Sequential Induction

The cortex and basal ganglia are the major structures of the adult brain derived from the embryonic telencephalon. Two morphologically distinct regions of the basal ganglia are evident within the mature ventral telencephalon, the globus pallidus medially, and the striatum, which is positioned between the globus pallidus and the cortex. Deletion of the Sonic Hedgehog gene in mice indicates that this secreted signaling molecule is vital for the generation of both these ventral telencephalic regions. Previous experiments showed that Sonic Hedgehog induces differentiation of ventral neurons characteristic of the medial ganglionic eminence, the embryonic structure which gives rise to the globus pallidus. In this paper, we show that later in development, Sonic Hedgehog induces ventral neurons with patterns of gene expression characteristic of the lateral ganglionic eminence. This is the embryonic structure from which the striatum is derived. These results suggest that temporally regulated changes in Sonic Hedgehog responsiveness are integral in the sequential induction of basal telencephalic structures.

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The homeobox gene Gsx2 controls the timing of oligodendroglial fate specification in mouse lateral ganglionic eminence progenitors

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.091090 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 140 (11) ◽

pp. 2289-2298 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

H. Chapman ◽

R. R. Waclaw ◽

Z. Pei ◽

M. Nakafuku ◽

K. Campbell

Keyword(s):

Homeobox Gene ◽

Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Fate Specification ◽

Lateral Ganglionic Eminence

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Addition of Lateral Ganglionic Eminence to Rat Mesencephalic Grafts Affects Fiber Outgrowth but Does not Enhance Function

Cell Transplantation ◽

10.1177/096368979700600310 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 277-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mia Emgard-Mattson ◽

Jenny Karlsson ◽

Naoyuki Nakao ◽

Patrik Brundin

Keyword(s):

Dopaminergic Neurons ◽

Recovery Of Function ◽

Rotational Behavior ◽

Specific Marker ◽

Medial Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Lateral Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Axonal Fiber ◽

6 Hydroxydopamine

Addition of embryonic striatal tissue, usually as a combination of the lateral and medial ganglionic eminences, to intrastriatal mesencephalic grafts has previously been reported to enhance recovery of drug-induced rotational behavior in the host and to modify axonal fiber outgrowth from the grafted dopaminergic neurons. This study investigated the effects of adding (cografting) either lateral or medial ganglionic eminence tissue to embryonic mesencephalic grafts implanted intrastriatally, in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. The cografts did not exhibit increased survival or cell size of dopaminergic neurons when compared to transplants of mesencephalic tissue alone. Neither did recipients of cografts exhibit any enhancement of graft-induced recovery of function, when tested for drug-induced rotational behavior or forelimb function in the staircase test. However, cografts containing lateral ganglionic eminence displayed patches of dense tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers within the graft tissue. These patches largely coincided with patches in adjacent stained sections, which were rich in immunostaining for the striatal-specific marker dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32 (DARPP-32). Such patches were not present in rats receiving cografts containing medial ganglionic eminence or mesencephalic tissue alone. Thus, it seems that the grafted dopaminergic neurons preferentially grow into the areas of the transplants containing lateral ganglionic eminence tissue. In summary, the results suggest that embryonic lateral ganglionic eminence exerts trophic effects on the outgrowth of dopaminergic axons, but does not enhance the behavioral effects of grafted dopaminergic neurons.

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