Addition of Lateral Ganglionic Eminence to Rat Mesencephalic Grafts Affects Fiber Outgrowth but Does not Enhance Function

Addition of embryonic striatal tissue, usually as a combination of the lateral and medial ganglionic eminences, to intrastriatal mesencephalic grafts has previously been reported to enhance recovery of drug-induced rotational behavior in the host and to modify axonal fiber outgrowth from the grafted dopaminergic neurons. This study investigated the effects of adding (cografting) either lateral or medial ganglionic eminence tissue to embryonic mesencephalic grafts implanted intrastriatally, in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. The cografts did not exhibit increased survival or cell size of dopaminergic neurons when compared to transplants of mesencephalic tissue alone. Neither did recipients of cografts exhibit any enhancement of graft-induced recovery of function, when tested for drug-induced rotational behavior or forelimb function in the staircase test. However, cografts containing lateral ganglionic eminence displayed patches of dense tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers within the graft tissue. These patches largely coincided with patches in adjacent stained sections, which were rich in immunostaining for the striatal-specific marker dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32 (DARPP-32). Such patches were not present in rats receiving cografts containing medial ganglionic eminence or mesencephalic tissue alone. Thus, it seems that the grafted dopaminergic neurons preferentially grow into the areas of the transplants containing lateral ganglionic eminence tissue. In summary, the results suggest that embryonic lateral ganglionic eminence exerts trophic effects on the outgrowth of dopaminergic axons, but does not enhance the behavioral effects of grafted dopaminergic neurons.

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The Age of Striatum Determines the Pattern and Extent of Dopaminergic Innervation: a Nigrostriatal Double Graft Study

Cell Transplantation ◽

10.1177/096368979700600311 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 287-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ingrid Stromberg ◽

Lars Björklund ◽

Petter Forander

Keyword(s):

Nerve Fiber ◽

Growth Pattern ◽

Dopaminergic Neurons ◽

Nerve Fibers ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Fiber Network ◽

Lateral Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Ventral Mesencephalic ◽

Dopaminergic Grafts

In animal models of Parkinson's disease, transplanted fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons can innervate the dopamine-depleted host brain, but it is unclear why large portions of the host striatum are left uninnervated. During normal development, the dopaminergic innervation first occurs in the form of a dense patchy pattern in the striatum, followed by a widespread nerve fiber network. Using intraocular double grafts we have investigated dopaminergic growth patterns initiated when ventral mesencephalic grafts innervate striatal targets. The fetal lateral ganglionic eminence was implanted into the anterior eye chamber. After maturation in oculo, fetal ventral mesencephalon was implanted and placed in contact with the first graft. In other animals the two pieces of tissue were implanted simultaneously. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry revealed a pattern of dense TH-positive patches throughout the total volume of the striatal grafts in simultaneously transplanted cografts, while a widespread, less dense, pattern was found when mature striatal transplants were innervated by fetal dopaminergic grafts. To investigate which type or types of growth patterns that developed after grafting to striatum in situ of an adult host, fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue was implanted into the lateral ventricle adjacent to the dopamine-lesioned striatum. After maturation of the mesencephalic graft, the fetal lateral ganglionic eminence was implanted into the reinnervated part of the host striatum. TH immunohistochemistry revealed a few nerve fibers within the striatal graft and the growth pattern was of the widespread type. In conclusion, grafted dopaminergic neurons preferably innervate mature striatum with a widespread sparse nerve fiber network, while the innervation of the immature striatum occurs in the form of dense patches. Furthermore, when the patchy pattern is formed, the total volume of the striatal target is innervated while growth of the widespread type terminates prior to reaching distal striatal parts. Thus, the growth pattern seems essential to the final volume that is innervated. Once the widespread growth pattern is initiated, the presence of immature striatum does not change the dopaminergic growth pattern.

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A 16-Channel Automated Rotometer System for Reliable Measurement of Turning Behavior in 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesioned and Transplanted Rats

Cell Transplantation ◽

10.1177/096368979300200608 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

pp. 507-514 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

John L. Hudson ◽

Dennis R. Levin ◽

Barry J. Hoffer

Keyword(s):

Motor Behavior ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽

Rotational Behavior ◽

Nigrostriatal Pathway ◽

Single Chip ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Turning Behavior ◽

Multiple Channel ◽

Ipsilateral Striatum ◽

6 Hydroxydopamine

Unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway in rats result in a massive dopamine (DA) denervation of the ipsilateral striatum. Such animals have proven extremely useful as a model for the study of Parkinson's disease, an idiopathic neurodegenerative disorder of humans. Extensive unilateral DA disruption leaves the rat relatively normal in motor behavior; however, the extent of the lesion can be documented by drug-induced rotational behavior. When given an injection of a dopamine agonist, such as apomorphine or d-amphetamine, a lesioned animal will manifest rotational behavior; the number of turns correlates with the degree of unilateral denervation. In order to identify, for various studies, large numbers of animals with specific levels of denervation, the necessity of an automated and reliable rotational counting system (rotometer) becomes obvious. We have developed such a device that allows up to 16 rats to be tested concurrently with one inexpensive computer. This system is more reliable than, and certainly preferable to, more tedious methods such as videotaping and subsequent manual analysis or various other mechanical systems. Plexiglass, formed into large bowls, serve as the rotometer chambers. We have designed a simple, inexpensive, and accurate counting head that can be manufactured from readily available parts and that is very sturdy and reliable. This, together with a thoracic harness, completes the rotometer assembly. The rotational data, from up to 16 separate channels, is collected by a single-chip microprocessor and sent on a serial line to an IBM-type or Macintosh host computer. There, it is graphically displayed on line and subsequently saved to disk with a novel acquisition program. Files generated are in code readable by most spreadsheet software currently available. Therefore, rotational data can be imported to a number of different spreadsheets and macros used for analysis. In summary, the multiple-channel automation for monitoring turning behavior in rats, described here, is a simple, inexpensive and effective system for accurate and rapid data acquisition and analysis.

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Function of Lymphocytes in Oligodendrocyte Development

The Neuroscientist ◽

10.1177/1073858419834221 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 74-86

Author(s):

Shogo Tanabe ◽

Toshihide Yamashita

Keyword(s):

Brain Development ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells ◽

Medial Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Myelin Sheaths ◽

Lateral Ganglionic Eminence ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Oligodendrocyte Precursor ◽

Oligodendrocyte Development

Oligodendrocytes generate myelin sheaths to promote rapid neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). During brain development, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are generated in the medial ganglionic eminence, lateral ganglionic eminence, and dorsal pallium. OPCs proliferate and migrate throughout the CNS at the embryonic stage. After birth, OPCs differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes, which then insulate axons. Oligodendrocyte development is regulated by the extrinsic environment including neurons, astrocytes, and immune cells. During brain development, B lymphocytes are present in the meningeal space, and are involved in oligodendrocyte development by promoting OPC proliferation. T lymphocytes mediate oligodendrocyte development during the remyelination process. Moreover, a subset of microglia contributes to oligodendrocyte development during the neonatal periods. Therefore, the immune system, especially lymphocytes and microglia, contribute to oligodendrocyte development during brain development and remyelination.

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Maf and Mafb control mouse pallial interneuron fate and maturation through neuropsychiatric disease gene regulation

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.54903 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Emily Ling-Lin Pai ◽

Jin Chen ◽

Siavash Fazel Darbandi ◽

Frances S Cho ◽

Jiapei Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Control Mouse ◽

Disease Gene ◽

Specific Marker ◽

Medial Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Conditional Deletion ◽

Physiological Properties ◽

Cortical Interneurons ◽

Morphological Maturation ◽

First Time

Maf (c-Maf) and Mafb transcription factors (TFs) have compensatory roles in repressing somatostatin (SST+) interneuron (IN) production in medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) secondary progenitors in mice. Maf and Mafb conditional deletion (cDKO) decreases the survival of MGE-derived cortical interneurons (CINs) and changes their physiological properties. Herein, we show that (1) Mef2c and Snap25 are positively regulated by Maf and Mafb to drive IN morphological maturation; (2) Maf and Mafb promote Mef2c expression which specifies parvalbumin (PV+) INs; (3) Elmo1, Igfbp4 and Mef2c are candidate markers of immature PV+ hippocampal INs (HIN). Furthermore, Maf/Mafb neonatal cDKOs have decreased CINs and increased HINs, that express Pnoc, an HIN specific marker. Our findings not only elucidate key gene targets of Maf and Mafb that control IN development, but also identify for the first time TFs that differentially regulate CIN vs. HIN production.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Generation and fusion of human cortical and medial ganglionic eminence brain organoids.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.734893131.793560521 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Alysson Muotri

Keyword(s):

Medial Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Ganglionic Eminence

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Satb1 Is an Activity-Modulated Transcription Factor Required for the Terminal Differentiation and Connectivity of Medial Ganglionic Eminence-Derived Cortical Interneurons

Journal of Neuroscience ◽

10.1523/jneurosci.3583-12.2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (49) ◽

pp. 17690-17705 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

J. Close ◽

H. Xu ◽

N. De Marco Garcia ◽

R. Batista-Brito ◽

E. Rossignol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

Terminal Differentiation ◽

Medial Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Cortical Interneurons

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Apparent opposite effects of tetrabenazine and reserpine on the toxic effects of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium or 6-hydroxydopamine on nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03333-x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 989 (2) ◽

pp. 187-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Carine Cleren ◽

Bertrand Naudin ◽

Jean Costentin

Keyword(s):

Dopaminergic Neurons ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

6 Hydroxydopamine

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6-hydroxydopamine lesion of rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons differentially affects nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNA expression

Journal of Molecular Neuroscience ◽

10.1007/bf02761778 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 251-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Kathryn J. Elliott ◽

Jay M. Jones ◽

Aida I. Sacaan ◽

G. Kenneth Lloyd ◽

Janis Corey-Naeve

Keyword(s):

Mrna Expression ◽

Acetylcholine Receptor ◽

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ◽

Dopaminergic Neurons ◽

Receptor Subunit ◽

Nicotinic Acetylcholine ◽

Subunit Mrna ◽

6 Hydroxydopamine

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Regionalization within the mammalian telencephalon is mediated by changes in responsiveness to Sonic Hedgehog

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.125.24.5079 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 125 (24) ◽

pp. 5079-5089 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J.D. Kohtz ◽

D.P. Baker ◽

G. Corte ◽

G. Fishell

Keyword(s):

Basal Ganglia ◽

Globus Pallidus ◽

Sonic Hedgehog ◽

Adult Brain ◽

Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Lateral Ganglionic Eminence ◽

Expression Characteristic ◽

Sonic Hedgehog Gene ◽

Embryonic Structure ◽

Sequential Induction

The cortex and basal ganglia are the major structures of the adult brain derived from the embryonic telencephalon. Two morphologically distinct regions of the basal ganglia are evident within the mature ventral telencephalon, the globus pallidus medially, and the striatum, which is positioned between the globus pallidus and the cortex. Deletion of the Sonic Hedgehog gene in mice indicates that this secreted signaling molecule is vital for the generation of both these ventral telencephalic regions. Previous experiments showed that Sonic Hedgehog induces differentiation of ventral neurons characteristic of the medial ganglionic eminence, the embryonic structure which gives rise to the globus pallidus. In this paper, we show that later in development, Sonic Hedgehog induces ventral neurons with patterns of gene expression characteristic of the lateral ganglionic eminence. This is the embryonic structure from which the striatum is derived. These results suggest that temporally regulated changes in Sonic Hedgehog responsiveness are integral in the sequential induction of basal telencephalic structures.

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