Optical sensors for in vitro blood gas analysis

This study aimed to evaluate the viability time of horse venous blood samples kept at laboratory temperature (LT) and in water with ice (WI), to perform blood gas analysis. Eleven blood samples were collected in duplicates from 10 healthy horses. The samples were transported to the laboratory and subjected to one of the 24 h storage method. Each pair of syringes was distinctly kept at LT or submerged in WI. Blood gas tests were performed at times T0h, T1h, T2h, T3h, T4h, T5h, T6h, T8h, T10h, T12h and T24h after collection. Analyses of electrolytes were also performed from the same samples. A difference in blood pH was found between the treatments (P < 0.05). From T4h, pH decreased in samples kept at LT, but in WI, pH did not change. For partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), a difference between treatments (P < 0.05) was noted starting at T8h. In samples kept at LT, pCO2 increased; no changes occurred in samples stored in WI. There was a decrease in the base concentration beginning at T5h in samples kept at LT (P < 0.05), but no variation in samples kept in WI. These changes can be attributed to the erythrocyte metabolism, still active in vitro, which generates lactic acid from anaerobic glycolysis. The potassium concentration increased in samples kept in WI from T4h, with a gradual increase until T24h. Conservation of equine venous blood samples in WI is efficient in reducing cellular metabolism, thereby increasing the viability of samples for examination and interpretation of results.

Download Full-text

Effect of in vitro sodium citrate anticoagulant on results of arterial blood gas analysis.

Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1136/jcp.39.9.1046-b ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

pp. 1046-1046 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P E Stein ◽

D W Goodier

Keyword(s):

Sodium Citrate ◽

Blood Gas Analysis ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

Download Full-text

Boundary-layer oxygen depletion in blood gas analysis

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1981.51.1.232 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 232-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Venkatesh ◽

G. Cumming

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layer ◽

Blood Gas Analysis ◽

Oxygen Depletion ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Diffusive Flux ◽

Blood Gas ◽

Membrane Systems ◽

High Permeability ◽

Nonlinear Relation

When O2 is withdrawn from blood by diffusion through a membrane and an O2-depleted boundary layer is formed, it is suggested that the depletion can cause significant dissociation of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) in this layer. The resulting nonlinear relation between net diffusive flux of O2 through the membrane and the blood PO2 should be observable with membrane systems having a sufficiently high permeability to O2. Evidence for this suggestion is presented from in vitro experiments using a mass spectrometer to analyze the O2 flux through membrane systems. A theoretical model of HbO2 dissociation in the depleted boundary layer of blood that explains these results qualitatively is developed to yield quantitative predictions found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental observations. The effect was seen to be of significance for membrane systems with O2-sampling rates of about 2 X 10(-9) ml. s-1. Torr-1 and over; so if such systems are to be used for the analysis of blood PO2, the phenomenon must be taken into account.

Download Full-text

An in Vitro Assessment of a Monitor for Continuous Inline Measurement of PO2, PCO2 and pH during Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Perfusion ◽

10.1177/026765918700200209 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 139-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

R Peter Alston ◽

Arthur Trew

Keyword(s):

Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Blood Gas Analysis ◽

Systematic Errors ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Blood Gas ◽

In Vitro Assessment ◽

Vitro Model ◽

Inline Measurement

The Gas STAT is a monitor which continuously measures PO2. PCO2 and pH inline during cardiopulmonary bypass. Using an in vitro model, the monitor's accuracy was compared to standard blood gas analysis over a range of PO2 (2·0–66·7 kPa), PCO2 (2·7–12·0 kPa) and pH (7–8). Its stability as affected by time, temperature, flow and haematocrit and the presence of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane and sodium nitroprusside was examined. Good correlations were found between the monitor and standard blood gas analysis for PO2 (r = 0·999, P < 0·001) and PCO2 (r = 0·996, P < 0·001). However, large and unpredictable systematic errors occurred. It was stable under all conditions examined, except that in one sensor there was a statistically significant decline in PCO2 measurement with time (P < 0·005) and the PCO2 readings were affected by temperature (P < 0·021). The monitor provides useful information for blood gas management during cardiopulmonary bypass, but should not be used without recourse to standard blood gas analysis.

Download Full-text

Kinetics and Transient Times of Fluorescence Optical Sensors (Optodes) for Blood Gas Analysis (O2, CO2, pH)

Oxygen Transport to Tissue IX - Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ◽

10.1007/978-1-4684-7433-6_6 ◽

1987 ◽

pp. 45-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

N. Opitz ◽

D. W. Lubbers

Keyword(s):

Optical Sensors ◽

Blood Gas Analysis ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Blood Gas

Download Full-text

Clinical and blood gas analysis of calves conceived by artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and animal cloning

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5971 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (7) ◽

pp. 485-491 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gabriela N. Dantas ◽

Bianca P. Santarosa ◽

Fernando J. Benesi ◽

Vitor Hugo Santos ◽

Roberto C. Gonçalves

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Fertilization ◽

Clinical Examination ◽

Artificial Insemination ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Blood Gas Analysis ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Blood Gas ◽

Vitro Fertilization ◽

Animal Cloning

ABSTRACT: In order for successful extra-uterine adaptation to occur, it is necessary for the neonate to be able to establish its respiratory functions effectively, guaranteeing efficient oxygenation and good vitality. Respiratory disorders are the major cause of death during the neonatal period in cattle, and this mortality is even more significant when it comes to calves originated by in vitro fertilization (FIV) or animal cloning (CA). Blood gas analysis assesses acid-base balance changes effectively, and when associated with the neonate’s clinical examination, provides subsidies for accurate diagnosis and early treatment of neonatal maladaptation. The objective of this study was to study neonates born from artificial insemination (IA) and to compare them to calves conceived by FIV and CA, regarding blood gas and clinical examination. For that, 20 AI calves, 15 FIV calves, and 15 cloned calves were evaluated immediately after calving and at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours of life. At all experimental times, venous blood samples were collected for blood gas and clinical examination was performed. In the postpartum evaluation, Apgar score and column length and respiratory amplitude measurements were used. IVF animals showed no alterations, resembling Group IA calves. The calves from CA showed more pronounced acidosis postpartum than expected physiological acidosis mixed for neonates, with decreasing values of bicarbonate (HCO3-), and base excess (BE) and the increase in carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2) when compared to the other groups. This disorder may have reflected lower mean values of Apgar scores and increased heart and respiratory rates. Intensive follow-up of these neonates is suggested, with monitoring by clinical and hemogasometric examination for early diagnosis of this condition and treatment based on oxygen therapy and bicarbonate replacement.

Download Full-text