Sensory Regulation of Brain Stem Motoneurones: Physiological and Clinical Implications

1978 ◽  
pp. 91-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry J. Sessle
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Sensory Regulation

Monoamine neurons in the human brain stem: anatomy, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and clinical implications

Neuroreport ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
pp. 1649-1654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Sasaki ◽  
Eri Shibata ◽  
Koujiro Tohyama ◽  
Kohsuke Kudo ◽  
Jin Endoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Monoamine Neurons

scholarly journals MRI/DTI of the Brain Stem Reveals Reversible and Irreversible Disruption of the Baroreflex Neural Circuits: Clinical Implications

Theranostics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Hao Su ◽  
Ching-Yi Tsai ◽  
Alice Y.W. Chang ◽  
Julie Y.H. Chan ◽  
Samuel H.H. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
The Brain

Somatosensory responses in the cat motor cortex. I. Identification and course of an afferent pathway

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 2041-2058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Padel ◽  
J. L. Relova
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Medial Lemniscus ◽  
Primary Afferent ◽  
Sensory Regulation ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Dorsal Columns ◽  
Primary Afferent Fibers ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The main aim of the present series of experiments was to demonstrate with electrophysiological methods that the spinothalamocortical system may send somesthetic information to the pyramidal and corticospinal tract cells in the motor cortex of the cat. 2. Experiments were carried out on acutely prepared cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Extra- and intracellular recordings were made from the cells located in the pericruciate motor cortex (the lateral portion of area 4 gamma). They were identified by their antidromic responses to pyramidal stimulation and/or stimulation of the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord. The animals were subjected to a set of nervous tissue lesions to prevent any transit of extereoceptive information to the motor cortex via the cerebellum and the somatosensory cortex. A lesion of the dorsal part of the spinal cord was also made, leaving intact only the afferent inflow ascending in the spinal ventral half, i.e., the spinothalamic system. 3. In this cat preparation it was observed that both electrical and natural stimulation of the limbs still efficiently activated the motor cortical efferent cells. 4. The pathway was mapped by applying microstimulation along its whole course in the spinal cord and brain stem. Stimulation of the primary afferent fibers running in the dorsal columns caudally to the spinal cord lesion produced activation and/or inhibition of the cortical cells. The existence of these responses may be attributable to the existence of collaterals from primary afferent fibers located in the dorsal columns, which activate the spinothalamic tract cells either mono- or polysynaptically. In the brain stem the fibers join the medial lemniscus. 5. In view of the short latency of the responses (mean latency 10.5 ms from the spinal cord) it is suggested that this component of the spinothalamic system may play an important role in the sensory regulation of ongoing movements.

Permeability of the microcirculation in area postrema of rat

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 348-349
Author(s):  
Shams M. Ghoneim ◽  
Frank M. Faraci ◽  
Gary L. Baumbach
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sodium Cacodylate ◽  
Acute Hypertension ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adjacent Brain

The area postrema is a circumventricular organ in the brain stem and is one of the regions in the brain that lacks a fully functional blood-brain barrier. Recently, we found that disruption of the microcirculation during acute hypertension is greater in area postrema than in the adjacent brain stem. In contrast, hyperosmolar disruption of the microcirculation is greater in brain stem. The objective of this study was to compare ultrastructural characteristics of the microcirculation in area postrema and adjacent brain stem.We studied 5 Sprague-Dawley rats. Horseradish peroxidase was injected intravenously and allowed to circulate for 1, 5 or 15 minutes. Following perfusion of the upper body with 2.25% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate, the brain stem was removed, embedded in agar, and chopped into 50-70 μm sections with a TC-Sorvall tissue chopper. Sections of brain stem were incubated for 1 hour in a solution of 3,3' diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (0.05%) in 0.05M Tris buffer with 1% H2O2.

Effects of Selected Rhinologic Disorders on the Perception of Nasal Resonance in Children

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Rastatter ◽  
Melvin Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Nasal Resonance

A group of sophisticated listeners judged the nasal resonance characteristics of normal children versus children evidencing selected rhinologic disorders under three speaking conditions. Results showed that perceptions of denasality are influenced by both speakers and speaking tasks. That is, children with allergic rhinitis and edemic adenoids were perceived as being denasal when they produced VCV utterances and recited sentences. However, their resonance characteristics were deemed normal for vowel productions. Interestingly, children with severely deviated septums were judged to have normal nasal resonance under all speaking conditions. Clinical implications are discussed.

Perceptions of Stuttering of Different Age Groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1311-1315
Author(s):  
Sergey M. Kondrashov ◽  
John A. Tetnowski
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
School Age ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Subject Pool

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions of stuttering of school-age children who stutter and those of adults who stutter through the use of the same tools that could be commonly used by clinicians. Method Twenty-three participants across various ages and stuttering severity were administered both the Stuttering Severity Instrument–Fourth Edition (SSI-4; Riley, 2009 ) and the Wright & Ayre Stuttering Self-Rating Profile ( Wright & Ayre, 2000 ). Comparisons were made between severity of behavioral measures of stuttering made by the SSI-4 and by age (child/adult). Results Significant differences were obtained for the age comparison but not for the severity comparison. Results are explained in terms of the correlation between severity equivalents of the SSI-4 and the Wright & Ayre Stuttering Self-Rating Profile scores, with clinical implications justifying multi-aspect assessment. Conclusions Clinical implications indicate that self-perception and impact of stuttering must not be assumed and should be evaluated for individual participants. Research implications include further study with a larger subject pool and various levels of stuttering severity.

Treatment Considerations for Adolescents Who Exhibit Cognitive/Communication Problems: A Neuroscience Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1767-1775
Author(s):  
Martha S. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
Treatment Considerations ◽  
Behavioral Growth

Purpose Adolescence is a period of substantial neurophysiological and behavioral growth, representing a second sensitive period of brain development. It is a psychological and social transition period between childhood and adulthood with many beneficial changes occurring, especially with respect to potential responsiveness to clinical intervention. However, adolescent behavioral complexities introduce clinical challenges as well. The purpose of this review article is to review the current neuroimaging research on neurophysiological changes observed during adolescence and the cognitive and social behavioral counterparts, with specific attention to the clinical implications. The review article will then summarize currently available intervention tools that can be utilized by speech-language pathologists working with this population. It will conclude with available evidence-based social-communication approaches that may be applicable as well as available evidence-based supplemental technological cognitive interventions that may be useful in working with adolescents who exhibit language and communication issues. Conclusion As a transition period between childhood and adulthood, adolescence represents a second sensitive period during which there is opportunity for clinically derived beneficial cognitive and communication growth.

Laryngeal Manifestations of Autoimmune Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-456
Author(s):  
Jenny L. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Laryngeal Function ◽  
The Past ◽  
Referral Practices ◽  
Timely Referral

Purpose This review article provides an overview of autoimmune diseases and their effects on voice and laryngeal function. Method A literature review was conducted in PubMed. Combinations of the following keywords were used: “autoimmune disease and upper airway,” “larynx,” “cough,” “voice,” “dysphonia,” and “dyspnea.” Precedence was given to articles published in the past 10 years due to recent advances in this area and to review articles. Ultimately, 115 articles were included for review. Results Approximately 81 autoimmune diseases exist, with 18 of those highlighted in the literature as having laryngeal involvement. The general and laryngeal manifestations of these 18 are discussed in detail, in addition to the clinical implications for a laryngeal expert. Conclusions Voice, breathing, and cough symptoms may be an indication of underlying autoimmune disease. However, these symptoms are often similar to those in the general population. Appropriate differential diagnosis and timely referral practices maximize patient outcomes. Guidelines are provided to facilitate correct diagnosis when an autoimmune disease is suspected.

The Nature of Deviant Articulation

1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence B. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Phonological System

This paper examines the credibility of deviant articulation as a less mature phonological system and as an individual phonological system with its own rules. Evidence is presented suggesting that both types of deviant phonological systems may occur in the articulatory defective population. The clinical implications of each type of deviant system are presented.

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