An intensity modulated, continuous-wave (IM-CW) integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) fiber-based lidar is developed herein for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). There are two main challenges in improving measurement accuracy, which have not been given enough attention in the previous research: one is that temperature sensitivity in optical components causes biases, due to the drift of component characteristic, and the other is that speckle noise deteriorates the signal-to-noise ratio. With the components thermally controlled, a target calibration accuracy of 0.003 dB is realized, corresponding to a CO2 concentration precision of better than 1 ppm for a 1 km path. A moving diffuser can reduce speckle noise by time averaging. In this paper, movement of the diffuser is substituted by the perturbation of the emitted laser beam by using a vibrating motor mounted on the optical antenna. Selecting on and off wavelengths with a small wavelength separation can improve the correlation between two laser speckle fields. These improvements result in the improved accuracy of the IPDA lidar system. Finally, the lidar performance was analyzed after the improvements described above were implemented. The diurnal variations of the atmospheric CO2 concentration using a topographic target were performed, and the results showed good agreement with the data measured by an in situ sensor. The root mean square (rms) of the deviation between the IPDA lidar and the in situ sensor was less than 1.4%.
Inferring the surface roughness of Al-Si coated 22MnB5 steel using an in situ laser speckle characterization technique
