Sample Decomposition-Solution Techniques

<h1>Correctness means that application planned tasks as defined by its specification. This research paper conversing that if poor requirements are not executed in the application there is some difficult existing in the application. Some other resembling problems like ambiguous requirements and inappropriate constraints also exist in the application. For these problems some solution techniques provided like documentation, verifying techniques of requirements, and use case of completeness validation. </h1>

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Investigation of the products of carbothermal reduction of yttrium oxide by the hydrolysis method

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19840936 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 936-943 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bohumil Hájek ◽

Pavel Karen ◽

Vlastimil Brožek

Keyword(s):

Yttrium Oxide ◽

Carbothermal Reduction ◽

Stoichiometric Ratio ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Hydrolysis Method ◽

Sample Decomposition ◽

Products Of Reaction ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Lower Carbon

For the investigation of the products of reaction of yttrium oxide with carbon mixed in various proportions, the chemical and X-ray diffraction methods of analysis were combined with the gas chromatographic analysis of the mixture of hydrocarbons and hydrogen formed on the sample decomposition with water. The carboreduction of Y2O3 was examined at relatively low temperatures, convenient for obtaining the reaction intermediates in higher yields. At 1 600 °C and pressures of 10-3 Pa the reduction of a mixture of Y2O3 with carbon in a stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 7 yields YC2 in equilibrium with 20% of Y2OC phase. At lower carbon contents (down to the Y2O3 : C ratio of 1 : 2) tha fraction of the Y2OC phase increases up to approximately 30%. In addition to Y2O3, the reaction mixture contains also Y2C, Y2OC and a phase giving propyne on hydrolysis. The presence of traces of C3 hydrocarbons and small amounts of methane in the product of hydrolysis of the carbide sample prepared by the carbothermal reduction of the oxide can be explained in terms of the occurrence of the Y15C19 phase, probably substituted in part by oxygen, and of the Y2OC phase. The results are compared with those obtained previously for the Sc2O3 + C system.

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Two-stage and multi-stage decompositions for the medium-term hydrothermal scheduling problem: A computational comparison of solution techniques

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems ◽

10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106659 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 127 ◽

pp. 106659

Author(s):

F. Beltrán ◽

E.C. Finardi ◽

W. de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Scheduling Problem ◽

Medium Term ◽

Two Stage ◽

Hydrothermal Scheduling ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Computational Comparison ◽

Solution Techniques

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Thermal analysis: basic concept of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry for beginners

Chemistry Teacher International ◽

10.1515/cti-2020-0010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Nurul Fatahah Asyqin Zainal ◽

Jean Marc Saiter ◽

Suhaila Idayu Abdul Halim ◽

Romain Lucas ◽

Chin Han Chan

Keyword(s):

Thermal Analysis ◽

Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Glass Transition ◽

Transition Temperature ◽

Glass Transition Temperature ◽

Commercial Application ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Teaching Activities ◽

Sample Decomposition ◽

Calibration Baseline

AbstractWe present an overview for the basic fundamental of thermal analysis, which is applicable for educational purposes, especially for lecturers at the universities, who may refer to the articles as the references to “teach” or to “lecture” to final year project students or young researchers who are working on their postgraduate projects. Description of basic instrumentation [i.e. differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA)] covers from what we should know about the instrument, calibration, baseline and samples’ signal. We also provide the step-by-step guides for the estimation of the glass transition temperature after DSC as well as examples and exercises are included, which are applicable for teaching activities. Glass transition temperature is an important property for commercial application of a polymeric material, e.g. packaging, automotive, etc. TGA is also highlighted where the analysis gives important thermal degradation information of a material to avoid sample decomposition during the DSC measurement. The step-by-step guides of the estimation of the activation energy after TGA based on Hoffman’s Arrhenius-like relationship are also provided.

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