Growing small grains organically in the semiarid West: A review of markets and management practices to optimize productivity and sustainability

Weed Management in Small Grains Harvested for Grain

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-wg009-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Jason Ferrell ◽

Gregory MacDonald ◽

Pratap Devkota

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Chemical Control ◽

Management Practices ◽

Good Management ◽

Small Grains ◽

Crop Competition

Successful weed control in small grains involves using good management practices in all phases of production. In Florida, winter weeds compete with small grains for moisture, nutrients, and light, with the greatest amount of competition occurring during the first six to eight weeks after planting. Weeds also cause harvest problems the following spring when the small grain is mature. This 4-page publication discusses crop competition, knowing your weeds, and chemical control. Written by J. A. Ferrell, G. E. MacDonald, and P. Devkota, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, revised May 2020.

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Fusarium head blight of small grains in Pennsylvania: unravelling species diversity, toxin types, growth and triazole sensitivity

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-02-21-0070-r ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maira R. Duffeck ◽

Ananda Y. Bandara ◽

Dilooshi K. Weerasooriya ◽

Alyssa Collins ◽

Philip J. Jensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Management Practices ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Head Blight ◽

The North ◽

Reproduction Traits ◽

Small Grains ◽

Ascospore Production ◽

Growth And Reproduction

Fusarium graminearum is the main causal species of Fusarium head blight (FHB) globally. Recent changes in the trichothecene (toxin) types in the North American FHB pathogens support the need for continued surveillance. In this study, 461 isolates were obtained from symptomatic spikes of wheat, spelt, barley, and rye crops during 2018 and 2019. These were all identified to species and toxin types using molecular-based approaches. An additional set of 77 F. graminearum isolates obtained from overwintering crop residues during Winter 2012 were molecularly identified to toxin types. A subset of 31 F. graminearum isolates (15 15ADON and 16 3ADON) were assessed for mycelial growth, macroconidia, perithecia, and ascospore production, and sensitivity to two triazole fungicides. Ninety percent of isolates obtained from symptomatic spikes (n = 418) belonged to F. graminearum, with another four species found at a lower frequency (n = 39). F. graminearum isolates from symptomatic spikes were mainly of the 15ADON (95%), followed by 3ADON (4%), NIV (0.7%), and NX-2 (0.3%) toxin types. All F. graminearum isolates obtained from overwintering residue were of the 15ADON type. Toxin types could not be differentiated based on multivariate analysis of growth and reproduction traits. All isolates were sensitive to tebuconazole and metconazole fungicides in vitro. This study confirms the dominance of F. graminearum and suggests ecological and environmental factors that lead to similar composition of toxin types in Northern U.S. Our results are useful to assess the sustainability of FHB management practices and provide a baseline for future FHB surveys.

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Management Considerations for Wheat Production in Florida

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-ag293-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 (10) ◽

Author(s):

David L. Wright ◽

Ann R. Blount ◽

Ron D. Barnett ◽

Cheryl L. Mackowiak ◽

Nicholas Dufault ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Coastal Plain ◽

Best Management Practices ◽

Management Practices ◽

Southeastern United States ◽

Grain Sorghum ◽

Best Management ◽

Small Grains ◽

Production Practices ◽

High Yields

Higher wheat prices created the impetus for growing wheat in the southeastern United States. Since increasing amounts of corn have been diverted to ethanol production, there is a shortage of grain for America’s livestock industry. This shortage results in higher wheat and soybean prices. Wheat and soybean have been grown together as a double crop throughout the Southeast for many years, which generally increases profitability compared with growing only one of the crops. Planting wheat followed by cotton, peanut or grain sorghum has also become a common practice. The best management practices for high yields of wheat in the Southeast Coastal Plain are well established. This 3-page fact sheet lists production practices for small grains in Florida. Written by D.L. Wright, A.R. Blount, R.D. Barnett, C.L. Mackowiak, N. Dufault, and J. Marois, and published by the UF Department of Agronomy, October 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag293

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Prevalence of Aflatoxin- and Fumonisin-Producing Fungi Associated with Cereal Crops Grown in Zimbabwe and Their Associated Risks in a Climate Change Scenario

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10020287 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 287

Author(s):

Juliet Akello ◽

Alejandro Ortega-Beltran ◽

Bwalya Katati ◽

Joseph Atehnkeng ◽

Joao Augusto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Liver Cancer ◽

Value Chain ◽

Management Practices ◽

Smallholder Farmers ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Elevated Concentration ◽

African Countries ◽

Small Grains ◽

The Eu

In most sub-Saharan African countries, staple cereal grains harbor many fungi and some produce mycotoxins that negatively impact health and trade. Maize and three small grain cereals (sorghum, pearl millet, and finger millet) produced by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe during 2016 and 2017 were examined for fungal community structure, and total aflatoxin (AF) and fumonisin (FM) content. A total of 800 maize and 180 small grain samples were collected at harvest and during storage from four agroecological zones. Fusarium spp. dominated the fungi associated with maize. Across crops, Aspergillusflavus constituted the main Aspergillus spp. Small grain cereals were less susceptible to both AF and FM. AF (52%) and FM (89%) prevalence was higher in maize than in small grains (13–25% for AF and 0–32% for FM). Less than 2% of small grain samples exceeded the EU regulatory limit for AF (4 µg/kg), while <10% exceeded the EU regulatory limit for FM (1000 µg/kg). For maize, 28% and 54% of samples exceeded AF and FM Codex guidance limits, respectively. Higher AF contamination occurred in the drier and hotter areas while more FM occurred in the wetter year. AF exposure risk assessment revealed that small grain consumption posed low health risks (≤0.02 liver cancer cases/100,000 persons/year) while maize consumption potentially caused higher liver cancer rates of up to 9.2 cases/100,000 persons/year depending on the locality. Additionally, FM hazard quotients from maize consumption among children and adults were high in both years, but more so in a wet year than a dry year. Adoption of AF and FM management practices throughout the maize value chain coupled with policies supporting dietary diversification are needed to protect maize consumers in Zimbabwe from AF- and FM-associated health effects. The higher risk of health burden from diseases associated with elevated concentration of mycotoxins in preferred maize during climate change events can be relieved by increased consumption of small grains.

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The Jovian ring

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100101174 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 75 ◽

pp. 203-209

Author(s):

Joseph A. Burns

Keyword(s):

Equatorial Plane ◽

Charged Particles ◽

Dynamical Evolution ◽

Main Band ◽

Small Grains ◽

Three Components

ABSTRACTLying in Jupiter's equatorial plane is a diaphanous ring having little substructure within its three components (main band, faint disk, and halo). Micron-sized grains account for much of the visible ring, but particles of centimeter sizes and larger must also be present to absorb charged particles. Since dynamical evolution times and survival life times are quite short (≲102-3yr) for small grains, the Jovian ring is being continually replenished; probably most of the visible ring is generated by micrometeoroids colliding into unseen parent bodies that reside in the main band.

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