Major allergen from Amaranthus palmeri pollen is a profilin: Isolation, partial characterisation and IgE recognition

Abstract Field studies were conducted to evaluate linuron for POST control of Palmer amaranth in sweetpotato to minimize reliance on protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides. Treatments were arranged in a two by four factorial where the first factor consisted of two rates of linuron (420 and 700 g ai ha−1), and the second factor consisted of linuron applied alone or in combinations of linuron plus a nonionic surfactant (NIS) (0.5% v/v), linuron plus S-metolachlor (800 g ai ha−1), or linuron plus NIS plus S-metolachlor. In addition, S-metolachlor alone and nontreated weedy and weed-free checks were included for comparison. Treatments were applied to ‘Covington’ sweetpotato 8 d after transplanting (DAP). S-metolachlor alone provided poor Palmer amaranth control because emergence had occurred at applications. All treatments that included linuron resulted in at least 98 and 91% Palmer amaranth control 1 and 2 wk after treatment (WAT), respectively. Including NIS with linuron did not increase Palmer amaranth control compared to linuron alone, but increased sweetpotato injury and subsequently decreased total sweetpotato yield by 25%. Including S-metolachlor with linuron resulted in the greatest Palmer amaranth control 4 WAT, but increased crop foliar injury to 36% 1 WAT compared to 17% foliar injury from linuron alone. Marketable and total sweetpotato yield was similar between linuron alone and linuron plus S-metolachlor or S-metolachlor plus NIS treatments, though all treatments resulted in at least 39% less total yield than the weed-free check resulting from herbicide injury and/or Palmer amaranth competition. Because of the excellent POST Palmer amaranth control from linuron 1 WAT, a system including linuron applied 7 DAP followed by S-metolachlor applied 14 DAP could help to extend residual Palmer amaranth control further into the critical period of weed control while minimizing sweetpotato injury.

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Regulatory Requirements for the Quality of Allergen Products for Allergen Immunotherapy of Food Allergy

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports ◽

10.1007/s11882-021-01008-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Lisa Englert ◽

Vera Mahler ◽

Andreas Bonertz

Keyword(s):

Allergen Immunotherapy ◽

Major Allergen ◽

Food Allergies ◽

Manufacturing Processes ◽

Critical Element ◽

Medicinal Products ◽

Regulatory Requirements ◽

Quality Aspects ◽

Allergenic Activity ◽

Recent Developments

Abstract Purpose of Review Medicinal products for allergen immunotherapy (AIT) of food allergies have gained enormous momentum in recent years. With this new class of products entering marketing authorization procedures, compliance to regulatory requirements becomes a critical element. Here, an overview is provided on specific requirements and aspects concerning the quality control and manufacturing of these products. Recent Findings Recent developments in the field of AIT for food allergies are divers, including products for oral, epicutaneous, and subcutaneous application, most notably targeting egg, milk, and peanut allergy. As the source materials for food AIT product are typically produced for food consumption and not for medicinal purposes, unique challenges arise in the manufacturing processes and controls of these medicinal products. Individual approaches are needed to assure acceptable quality, including control of relevant quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Major characteristics for quality verification include determination of protein content, total allergenic activity, and major allergen content. The applied manufacturing processes need to be established such that relevant process parameters are kept within justified limits and consistency of produced batches is assured. Summary Allergen products for food AIT present specific challenges with respect to quality aspects that differentiate them from other commonly available AIT products. While established regulation is available and provides clear guidance for most aspects, other issues require consideration of new and individual settings relevant here. Consequently, as experience grows, respective amendments to currently available guidance may be needed.

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Response of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) and sugarbeet to desmedipham and phenmedipham

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2021.1 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Clint W. Beiermann ◽

Cody F. Creech ◽

Stevan Z. Knezevic ◽

Amit J. Jhala ◽

Robert Harveson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rates ◽

Selectivity Index ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Greenhouse Experiment ◽

Amaranthus Palmeri ◽

True Leaf ◽

Cotyledon Stage ◽

Equivalent Rate ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

High Level

Abstract A prepackaged mixture of desmedipham + phenmedipham was previously labeled for control of Amaranthus spp. in sugarbeet. Currently, there are no effective POST herbicide options to control glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in sugarbeet. Sugarbeet growers are interested in using desmedipham + phenmedipham to control escaped Palmer amaranth. In 2019, a greenhouse experiment was initiated near Scottsbluff, NE, to determine the selectivity of desmedipham and phenmedipham between Palmer amaranth and sugarbeet. Three populations of Palmer amaranth and four sugarbeet hybrids were evaluated. Herbicide treatments consisted of desmedipham and phenmedipham applied singly or as mixtures at an equivalent rate. Herbicides were applied when Palmer amaranth and sugarbeet were at the cotyledon stage, or two true-leaf sugarbeet stage and when Palmer amaranth was 7 cm tall. The selectivity indices for desmedipham, phenmedipham, and desmedipham + phenmedipham were 1.61, 2.47, and 3.05, respectively, at the cotyledon stage. At the two true-leaf application stage, the highest rates of desmedipham and phenmedipham were associated with low mortality rates in sugarbeet, resulting in a failed response of death. The highest rates of desmedipham + phenmedipham caused a death response of sugarbeet; the selectivity index was 2.15. Desmedipham treatments resulted in lower LD50 estimates for Palmer amaranth compared to phenmedipham, indicating that desmedipham can provide greater levels of control for Palmer amaranth. However, desmedipham also caused greater injury in sugarbeet, producing lower LD50 estimates compared to phenmedipham. Desmedipham + phenmedipham provided 90% or greater control of cotyledon-size Palmer amaranth at a labeled rate but also caused high levels of sugarbeet injury. Neither desmedipham, phenmedipham, nor desmedipham + phenmedipham was able to control 7-cm tall Palmer amaranth at previously labeled rates. Results indicate that desmedipham + phenmedipham can only control Palmer amaranth if applied at the cotyledon stage and a high level of sugarbeet injury is acceptable.

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Novel Allergen Discovery through Comprehensive De Novo Transcriptomic Analyses of Five Shrimp Species

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22010032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 32

Author(s):

Shaymaviswanathan Karnaneedi ◽

Roger Huerlimann ◽

Elecia B. Johnston ◽

Roni Nugraha ◽

Thimo Ruethers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

De Novo ◽

Penaeus Monodon ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Major Allergen ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Multiple Sequence ◽

Alpha Tubulin ◽

Shrimp Species ◽

Allergen Sources ◽

Shellfish Allergy

Shellfish allergy affects 2% of the world’s population and persists for life in most patients. The diagnosis of shellfish allergy, in particular shrimp, is challenging due to the similarity of allergenic proteins from other invertebrates. Despite the clinical importance of immunological cross-reactivity among shellfish species and between allergenic invertebrates such as dust mites, the underlying molecular basis is not well understood. Here we mine the complete transcriptome of five frequently consumed shrimp species to identify and compare allergens with all known allergen sources. The transcriptomes were assembled de novo, using Trinity, from raw RNA-Seq data of the whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), banana shrimp (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis), king shrimp (Melicertus latisulcatus), and endeavour shrimp (Metapenaeus endeavouri). BLAST searching using the two major allergen databases, WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature and AllergenOnline, successfully identified all seven known crustacean allergens. The analyses revealed up to 39 unreported allergens in the different shrimp species, including heat shock protein (HSP), alpha-tubulin, chymotrypsin, cyclophilin, beta-enolase, aldolase A, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD). Multiple sequence alignment (Clustal Omega) demonstrated high homology with allergens from other invertebrates including mites and cockroaches. This first transcriptomic analyses of allergens in a major food source provides a valuable resource for investigating shellfish allergens, comparing invertebrate allergens and future development of improved diagnostics for food allergy.

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Partial characterisation of the fruiting inducing factor from the polypore Phellinus contiguus

Mycological Research ◽

10.1017/s0953756299002270 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 104 (9) ◽

pp. 1098-1107

Author(s):

G.M. Butler ◽

R.B. Pearce ◽

J.P. Ride ◽

P.R. Ashton

Keyword(s):

Partial Characterisation

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Isolation and Partial Characterisation of Bacteria Recovered from Abscesses of Normally Slaughtered Pigs

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica ◽

10.1186/bf03546759 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 74-83

Author(s):

Anders Engvall ◽

Olof Schwan

Keyword(s):

Partial Characterisation ◽

Slaughtered Pigs

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Comparative whole-genome and proteomics analyses of the next seed bank and the original master seed bank of MucoRice-CTB 51A line, a rice-based oral cholera vaccine

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-020-07355-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ai Sasou ◽

Yoshikazu Yuki ◽

Ayaka Honma ◽

Kotomi Sugiura ◽

Koji Kashima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Bank ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Storage Proteins ◽

Oral Vaccine ◽

Rice Genome ◽

Major Allergen ◽

Selection Marker ◽

Cholera Toxin B Subunit ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Allergen Protein

Abstract Background We have previously developed a rice-based oral vaccine against cholera diarrhea, MucoRice-CTB. Using Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation, we produced the selection marker–free MucoRice-CTB line 51A, which has three copies of the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) gene and two copies of an RNAi cassette inserted into the rice genome. We determined the sequence and location of the transgenes on rice chromosomes 3 and 12. The expression of alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor, a major allergen protein in rice, is lower in this line than in wild-type rice. Line 51A was self-pollinated for five generations to fix the transgenes, and the seeds of the sixth generation produced by T5 plants were defined as the master seed bank (MSB). T6 plants were grown from part of the MSB seeds and were self-pollinated to produce T7 seeds (next seed bank; NSB). NSB was examined and its whole genome and proteome were compared with those of MSB. Results We re-sequenced the transgenes of NSB and MSB and confirmed the positions of the three CTB genes inserted into chromosomes 3 and 12. The DNA sequences of the transgenes were identical between NSB and MSB. Using whole-genome sequencing, we compared the genome sequences of three NSB with three MSB samples, and evaluated the effects of SNPs and genomic structural variants by clustering. No functionally important mutations (SNPs, translocations, deletions, or inversions of genic regions on chromosomes) between NSB and MSB samples were detected. Analysis of salt-soluble proteins from NSB and MSB samples by shot-gun MS/MS detected no considerable differences in protein abundance. No difference in the expression pattern of storage proteins and CTB in mature seeds of NSB and MSB was detected by immuno-fluorescence microscopy. Conclusions All analyses revealed no considerable differences between NSB and MSB samples. Therefore, NSB can be used to replace MSB in the near future.

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