Congestive heart failure (CHF) remains a significant cause of death and disability in industrialized countries. Projections show that the prevalence of CHF will increase 46% from 2012 to 2030, resulting in over eight million adults with CHF in the United States. While substantial advances have been achieved in the treatment of CHF over the past two decades, CHF rivals cancer as a cause of mortality. Strategies focused on prevention of CHF should be emphasized to meaningfully impact the projected increase in CHF. Irrespective of the type of CHF, either systolic or diastolic, coronary artery disease has supplanted hypertension as the most prevalent cause for congestive heart failure, with a high rate of mortality and future hospitalizations. Since coronary artery disease plays a central role in the development of CHF, approaches to treat coronary artery disease and identification of patients at risk for recurrent myocardial infarction (RMI) are approaches to prevent development of CHF. Subjects who sustain recurrent MI represent a particularly high-risk group for development of CHF. Despite the evolution of therapy for MI from thrombolytic therapy to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), RMI occurs in ~ 10% of patients in the first year after first MI, and 3 years after their first MI. In this review I explore emerging approaches to prevent RMI including the rationale for recent trials of complete revascularization at the time of MI, newly emerging biomarkers that have additive predictive value for identifying patients with high risk of CHF and death when using existing biomarkers. Finally, the paradigm of hematopoietic stem cell mobilization in MI leading to monocyte expansion and acceleration of atherosclerosis is discussed as an emerging approach to identify patients at high risk of RMI, CHF, and death after MI.
Coronary artery disease in patients dying from cardiogenic shock or congestive heart failure in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.
