Inflammation results in an increase in the levels of a variety of glycoproteins in serum. The glycoproteins that respond in this way are usually referred to as acute-phase reactants. Studies on the acute-phase response of rat α1-acid glycoprotein showed that there was an increase in the liver levels of this glycoprotein at 12 h after turpentine inflammation. This was followed by increased serum levels at 48–72 h after inflammation, suggesting a precursor–product relationship between liver and serum α1-acid glycoprotein. Incorporation studies coupled with measurements of synthesis rates of α1-acid glycoprotein showed that increased synthesis was responsible for the acute-phase response of this protein to inflammation. These studies also showed that albumin was a negative acute-phase reactant. The acute-phase response of α1-acid glycoprotein was accompanied by increased liver pools of UDP–N-acetylglucosamine (UDP–GlcNAc) and UDP–N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP–GalNAc) and increased liver activities of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase and UDP–GlcNAc 2-epimerase. Activities of galactosyl and sialyl transferases in liver were also elevated and serum sialyl transferase was increased substantially in inflammation, suggesting that it may also be an acute-phase reactant. Liver activities of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase and β-galactosidase declined by about 50% at 24 h after inflammation; there was evidence that serum levels of these enzymes increased at 24–72 h after inflammation, suggesting that the lysosomal glycosidases may be released from liver during inflammation. Inflammation resulted in elevated serum Cortisol, insulin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone and induced increased glycogenosis; liver cAMP levels were also increased during inflammation. Preliminary studies are presented to show that leukocyte-derived factors may be involved in the acute-phase response of α1-acid glycoprotein to inflammation.
Low Serum Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Accompany Severe COVID-19 Because it is a Negative Acute Phase Reactant
