Association of glycated haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels in type 2 diabetics of rural population

Serum ferritin, an acute phase reactant, is an indicator of the body's iron reserves. Increased body iron reserves and subclinical hemochromatosis have been linked to the development of hyperglycaemia, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and potentially diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and vascular dysfunction, according to recent research. The objective of this study was to see if there was a link between Serum Ferritin and Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, as well as to see if there was a link between S. ferritin and HbA1c.The present study included 50 diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (males: 32, females: 18) and 50 healthy controls of same age (males: 28, females: 22). Serum ferritin levels, glycated hemoglobin were measured and compared. : When diabetic patients were compared to controls, serum ferritin was considerably greater, and serum ferritin had a positive correlation with the duration of diabetes and glycated hemoglobin. Positive correlation was found between serum ferritin levels and glycated hemoglobin and duration of disease.

A New Biomarker Tool for Risk Stratification in “de novo” Acute Heart Failure (OROME)

Background: Inflammation is one of the mechanisms involved in heart failure (HF) pathophysiology. Thus, the acute phase reactant protein, orosomucoid, was associated with a worse post-discharge prognosis in de novo acute HF (AHF). However, the presence of anti-inflammatory adipokine, omentin, might protect and reduce the severity of the disease. We wanted to evaluate the value of omentin and orosomucoid combination for stratifying the risk of these patients.Methods and Results: Two independent cohorts of patients admitted for de novo AHF in two centers were included in the study (n = 218). Orosomucoid and omentin circulating levels were determined by ELISA at discharge. Patients were followed-up for 317 (3–575) days. A predictive model was determined for the primary endpoint, death, and/or HF readmission. Differences in survival were evaluated using a Log-rank test. According to cut-off values of orosomucoid and omentin, patients were classified as UpDown (high orosomucoid and low omentin levels), equal (both proteins high or low), and DownUp (low orosomucoid and high omentin levels). The Kaplan Meier determined a worse prognosis for the UpDown group (Long-rank test p = 0.02). The predictive model that includes the combination of orosomucoid and omentin groups (OROME) + NT-proBNP values achieved a higher C-index = 0.84 than the predictive model with NT-proBNP (C-index = 0.80) or OROME (C-index = 0.79) or orosomucoid alone (C-index = 0.80).Conclusion: The orosomucoid and omentin determination stratifies de novo AHF patients into the high, mild, and low risk of rehospitalization and/or death for HF. Its combination with NT-proBNP improves its predictive value in this group of patients.

Evaluation of C-reactive Protein Levels in the Saliva of Covid Recovered Patients

Introduction: The acute phase reactant synthesized by the liver. CRP is an annular (ring- shaped) metameric protein set up in plasma, whose circulating immersion rise in response to inflammation. The idea of the study is to estimate the C-reactive protein situations in the salivary samples of COVID- 19 recovered cases and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: An experimental study on salivary samples of COVID recovered cases. The study was non-invasive and easy to perform without important vexation to cases. The samples were acquired from cases who came to the clinics of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. An aggregate of 20 saliva samples was collected from recruited cases 10 of whom were healthy controls and 10 were collected from cases who had made complete recovery from COVID infection. Results: C-reactive protein (CRP) could be generally used as a biomarker of systemic inflammation, routinely measured in serum blood samples. Still salivary samples offer a non-invasive and simply accessible preference which might upgrade point of care (POC) testing for inflammation. This study illustrates the group of healthy controls and COVID recovered cases. Conclusion: Within the limitations of our study, we were capable to interpret the difference of CRP levels between COVID recovered cases and healthy individualities.

Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) Is Susceptible to Renibacterium salmoninarum Infection and Induces Cell-Mediated Immunity in the Chronic Stage

Renibacterium salmoninarum is a Gram-positive, intracellular pathogen that causes Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) in several fish species in freshwater and seawater. Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is utilized as a cleaner fish to biocontrol sea lice infestation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms. Atlantic salmon is susceptible to R. salmoninarum, and it can transfer the infection to other fish species. Although BKD outbreaks have not been reported in lumpfish, its susceptibility and immune response to R. salmoninarum is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility and immune response of lumpfish to R. salmoninarum infection. Groups of lumpfish were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with either R. salmoninarum (1×107, 1×108, or 1×109 cells dose-1) or PBS (control). R. salmoninarum infection kinetics and mortality were followed for 98 days post-infection (dpi). Transcript expression levels of 33 immune-relevant genes were measured in head kidney (n = 6) of fish infected with 1×109 cells/dose and compared to the control at 28 and 98 dpi. Infected lumpfish displayed characteristic clinical signs of BKD. Lumpfish infected with high, medium, and low doses had a survival rate of 65%, 93%, and 95%, respectively. Mortality in the high-dose infected group stabilized after 50 dpi, but R. salmoninarum persisted in the fish tissues until 98 dpi. Cytokines (il1β, il8a, il8b), pattern recognition receptors (tlr5a), interferon-induced effectors (rsad2, mxa, mxb, mxc), and iron regulation (hamp) and acute phase reactant (saa5) related genes were up-regulated at 28 dpi. In contrast, cell-mediated adaptive immunity-related genes (cd4a, cd4b, ly6g6f, cd8a, cd74) were down-regulated at 28 dpi, revealing the immune suppressive nature of R. salmoninarum. However, significant upregulation of cd74 at 98 dpi suggests induction of cell-mediated immune response. This study showed that R. salmoninarum infected lumpfish in a similar fashion to salmonid fish species and caused a chronic infection, enhancing cell-mediated adaptive immune response.

C-Reactive Protein Levels do Not Correlate with Body Mass Index in Patients Hospitalized with Infectious Diseases: A Retrospective Study

Background.C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant protein synthesized in the liver. Human body proportions, such as body mass index (BMI), may affect CRP levels during infection. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between CRP and BMI in obese versus non- obese patients hospitalized with common acute infections.MethodsA total of 445 patients admitted with diagnoses of pneumonia, urinary tract infections and cellulitis were included in the statistical analysis. Among them, 287 were diagnosed with pneumonia, 80 with UTIs and 78 with cellulitis. Each group was also divided according to their BMI. (< or ≥ 30 kg/m2). We gathered data for serial CRP measurements performed on day 0-1, 1-3, and 4-6 of hospitalization as well as BMI levels for all patients. Other markers of acute inflammation, including WBC, fibrinogen level, LDH, as well as albumin level and GFR were recorded.ResultsOverall, we found no difference in CRP levels in patients with or without obesity throughout the duration of their hospitalization. There was a trend of elevated CRP level at the beginning of hospitalization in the group with BMI≤30 (p=0.06). No correlation was found between CRP levels and BMI at the points of measurements during hospitalization in the three study groups.ConclusionCRP levels do not correlate with BMI and with other biomarkers of inflammation in patients hospitalized with acute infectious diseases.

AA-amyloidosis in autoinflammatory diseases

AA amyloidosis complicates various chronic inflammatory disorders and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibrils composed of serum amyloid A protein, an acute phase reactant. In recent decades, the role of chronic infections and rheumatoid arthritis in the ethiology of AA amyloidosis have decreased significantly as a result of their treatment improvement, whereas both monogenic (familial Meditarranean fever, cryopirin-associated periodic syndrome, etc.) or polygenic (ankylosing spondilitis, psoriatic arthritis, adult onset Still’s disease, etc) autoinflammatory diseases more frequently account for AA-amyloidosis today. Autoinflammatory diseases are a consequence of innate immunity disorders although the latter can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases as well. In patients with autoinflammatory diseases, the suppression of inflammation, even subclinical, is essential to prevent development or progression of AA amyloidosis. The choice of inflammatory agents that can be used to achieve this aim depends on the pathogenesis of autoinflammation, e.g. key mediators that are involved in the activation of inflammatory cascade.

CORRELATION BETWEEN C- REACTIVE PROTEIN AND LIPID ABNORMALITIES IN SUBJECTS WITH ISCHEMIC STROKE

Cerebrovascular accident, which has considerable mortality and morbidity,deservesattention towards its prevention. The first lines of defense in stroke prevention are detecting and adequately treating manageable risk factors, C-Reactive protein, an acute phase reactant is an indicator ofunderlying systemic inflammation and a novel marker for atherothrombotic disease. Present study is an attempt to study the levels of C-Reactive protein in acute thromboembolic stroke and to correlate between serum C Reactive protein levels and lipid profile in acute ischemic stroke.

Significance of Acute Phase Reactants as Prognostic Biomarkers for Pneumonia in Children

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major contributing cause for the increased rate of childhood mortalities and morbidities in the developing countries. Thus, we aimed in this study to appraise the significance of acute phase reactant proteins in correlation with the modified pneumonia prognostic score to assess the disease severity and outcome in children.This study included 40 children with pneumonia ( age between 6 months 2 years ) and other 40 healthy controls ( age and sex matched). They were enrolled in the study and a detailedhistory’s obtained, full clinical examination and assessment of AGP, CRP and ferritin in serum in addition to CBC.AGP, CRP and ferritin showed significant higher levels in children with pneumonia than healthy controls. Also, their values were significantly higher in nonsuvivors than survivors.The present investigation provides a distinct evidence for the prominence of acute phase reactants (ferritin, CRP and AGP) in comparison with the clinical scores in predicting early high risk prognosis of pneumonia in children.

Association of Periodontal Disease with Serum Uric Acid and CRP in Patients Treated for Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Comparative Study

Background: Periodontal diseases (PED) are a widespread, complicated, long-lasting inflammation of the gum. In recent years, lots of lines of evidence have confirmed the existence of an interrelated link between PED and systemic illnesses including acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In the pathogenesis of ACS, the persuasive inflammatory role of coronary vessels is well documented. An increasing body of evidence highlights the impact of UA in inflammation. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant well-known as a nonspecific marker for systemic and vascular inflammation. The study intended to evaluate the associations of PED with SUA and CRP in patients treated for ACS in a comparative study. Methodology: 136-patients registered in this comparative study labeled as ACS besides 74-controls. The blood analysis of creatinine, urea, SUA and CRP had done for the applicants. Oral examination for grades and severity of PED had performed, and the candidates were grouped accordingly. Statistical studies had attained using SPSS software (IBM), with a significance-value calculated at <0.05. Results: There was a significantly higher HSCRP levels with a higher nonsignificant SUA levels among the ACS group. Risk factors in terms of incidence of DM, hypertension, and smoking (except the BMI) were significantly higher among patients. More than 3/4th of the patients' group was suffering from generalized PED (74.3%), while 15.4% had a localized PED and only 9% had healthy periodontium. Meanwhile, about 2/3rd of the controls has normal periodontium. 18.4% vs. 75% had a mild, 25.7% vs. 4% had a moderate, and 21.3% vs. zero had a severe form of PED, in patients and control respectively. There was a significant worsening of PED in terms of severity and grading (p-0.001) with the increase of HSCRP levels, which is not the case for increased SUA. Conclusion: HSCRP levels were significantly higher among patients with ACS compared to healthy control. There was a significant worsening of PED in terms of severity and grading with the increase of HSCRP levels. This is not the case for increased SUA, which is not associated with poor periodontal status.