Bottom-up emission inventories of multiple air pollutants from open straw burning: A case study of Jiangsu province, Eastern China

Abstract. Gridded emission inventories are essential inputs for chemical transport models and climate models. Spatial proxies are applied to allocate emissions from regional totals to spatially resolved grids when the exact locations of emissions are absent, with additional uncertainties arising due to the spatial mismatch between the locations of emissions and spatial proxies. In this study, we investigate the impact of spatial proxies on the accuracy of gridded emission inventories at different spatial resolutions by comparing gridded emissions developed from different spatial proxies (proxy-based inventory) with a highly spatially disaggregated bottom-up emission inventory developed from the extensive use of locations of emitting facilities (bottom-up inventory) in Hebei Province, China. We find that proxy-based inventories are generally comparable to bottom-up inventories for grid sizes larger than 0.25º because spatial errors are largely diminished at coarse resolutions. However, for gridded emissions with finer resolutions, large positive biases in urban centers and negative biases in suburban and rural regions are identified in proxy-based inventories and are then propagated into significant biases in urban-scale chemical transport modeling. Compared to bottom-up inventories, the use of proxy-based emissions exhibits similar modeling results, with biases varying from 3 %–13 % in predicting surface concentrations of different pollutants at 36 km resolution and an additional 8 %–73 % at 4 km resolution. The resolution dependence of uncertainties in proxy-based gridded inventories can be explained by the decoupling of emission facility locations from spatial surrogates, especially because industry facilities tend to be located away from urban centers. This distance results in a divergence between emission distributions and the allocation of proxies on smaller grids. The decoupling effects are weakened when the grid size increases to cover both urban and rural regions. We conclude that proxy-based inventories are of sufficient quality to support regional and global models (larger than 0.25º in this case study); however, to support urban-scale models with accurate emission inputs, bottom-up inventories incorporating the exact locations of emitting facilities should be developed instead of proxy-based inventories.

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Resolution dependence of uncertainties in gridded emission inventories: a case study in Hebei, China

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-17-921-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 921-933 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Bo Zheng ◽

Qiang Zhang ◽

Dan Tong ◽

Chuchu Chen ◽

Chaopeng Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Models ◽

Chemical Transport ◽

Emission Inventories ◽

Urban Centers ◽

Rural Regions ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Facility Locations ◽

Spatially Resolved ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Gridded emission inventories are essential inputs for chemical transport models and climate models. Spatial proxies are applied to allocate emissions from regional totals to spatially resolved grids when the exact locations of emissions are absent, with additional uncertainties arising due to the spatial mismatch between the locations of emissions and spatial proxies. In this study, we investigate the impact of spatial proxies on the accuracy of gridded emission inventories at different spatial resolutions by comparing gridded emissions developed from different spatial proxies (proxy-based inventory) with a highly spatially disaggregated bottom-up emission inventory developed from the extensive use of locations of emitting facilities (bottom-up inventory) in Hebei Province, China. We find that proxy-based inventories are generally comparable to bottom-up inventories for grid sizes larger than 0.25° because spatial errors are largely diminished at coarse resolutions. However, for gridded emissions with finer resolutions, large positive biases in urban centers and negative biases in suburban and rural regions are identified in proxy-based inventories and are then propagated into significant biases in urban-scale chemical transport modeling. Compared to bottom-up inventories, the use of proxy-based emissions exhibits similar modeling results, with biases varying from 3 to 13 % when predicting surface concentrations of different pollutants at 36 km resolution and an additional 8–73 % at 4 km resolution. The resolution dependence of uncertainties in proxy-based gridded inventories can be explained by the decoupling of emission facility locations from spatial surrogates, especially because industry facilities tend to be located away from urban centers. This distance results in a divergence between emission distributions and the allocation of proxies on smaller grids. The decoupling effects are weakened when the grid size increases to cover both urban and rural regions. We conclude that proxy-based inventories are of sufficient quality to support regional and global models (larger than 0.25° in this case study); however, to support urban-scale models with accurate emission inputs, bottom-up inventories incorporating the exact locations of emitting facilities should be developed instead of proxy-based inventories.

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A bottom-up approach to carry out pre-studies for the implementation of electronic archives – a case study from a Swedish organisation

Archiving Conference ◽

10.2352/issn.2168-3204.2017.1.0.44 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (1) ◽

pp. 44-48

Author(s):

Hugo Quisbert

Keyword(s):

Bottom Up

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ICT-ENABLED BOTTOM-UP ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR ◽

10.26687/archnet-ijar.v10i1.738 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 26 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Burak Pak

Keyword(s):

Information And Communication Technologies ◽

Design Education ◽

Architectural Design ◽

Communication Technologies ◽

Self Organization ◽

Literature Study ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Information And Communication ◽

Ict Tools

This paper aims at discussing the potentials of bottom-up design practices in relation to the latest developments in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) by making an in-depth review of inaugural cases. The first part of the study involves a literature study and the elaboration of basic strategies from the case study. The second part reframes the existing ICT tools and strategies and elaborates on their potentials to support the modes of participation performed in these cases. As a result, by distilling the created knowledge, the study reveals the potentials of novel modes of ICT-enabled design participation which exploit a set of collective action tools to support sustainable ways of self-organization and bottom-up design. The final part explains the relevance of these with solid examples and presents a hypothetical case for future implementation. The paper concludes with a brief reflection on the implications of the findings for the future of architectural design education.

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Estimating CO2 Emissions from Large Scale Coal-Fired Power Plants Using OCO-2 Observations and Emission Inventories

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12070811 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 811

Author(s):

Yaqin Hu ◽

Yusheng Shi

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Power Plants ◽

Large Scale ◽

Global Climate ◽

Gaussian Model ◽

Point Sources ◽

Emission Inventories ◽

Bottom Up

The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased rapidly worldwide, aggravating the global greenhouse effect, and coal-fired power plants are one of the biggest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions in China. However, efficient methods that can quantify CO2 emissions from individual coal-fired power plants with high accuracy are needed. In this study, we estimated the CO2 emissions of large-scale coal-fired power plants using Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite data based on remote sensing inversions and bottom-up methods. First, we mapped the distribution of coal-fired power plants, displaying the total installed capacity, and identified two appropriate targets, the Waigaoqiao and Qinbei power plants in Shanghai and Henan, respectively. Then, an improved Gaussian plume model method was applied for CO2 emission estimations, with input parameters including the geographic coordinates of point sources, wind vectors from the atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate, and OCO-2 observations. The application of the Gaussian model was improved by using wind data with higher temporal and spatial resolutions, employing the physically based unit conversion method, and interpolating OCO-2 observations into different resolutions. Consequently, CO2 emissions were estimated to be 23.06 ± 2.82 (95% CI) Mt/yr using the Gaussian model and 16.28 Mt/yr using the bottom-up method for the Waigaoqiao Power Plant, and 14.58 ± 3.37 (95% CI) and 14.08 Mt/yr for the Qinbei Power Plant, respectively. These estimates were compared with three standard databases for validation: the Carbon Monitoring for Action database, the China coal-fired Power Plant Emissions Database, and the Carbon Brief database. The comparison found that previous emission inventories spanning different time frames might have overestimated the CO2 emissions of one of two Chinese power plants on the two days that the measurements were made. Our study contributes to quantifying CO2 emissions from point sources and helps in advancing satellite-based monitoring techniques of emission sources in the future; this helps in reducing errors due to human intervention in bottom-up statistical methods.

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Influence of urban morphological parameters on the distribution and diffusion of air pollutants: A case study in China

Journal of Environmental Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.jes.2020.12.035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 105 ◽

pp. 163-172

Author(s):

Zhiwen Jiang ◽

Haomiao Cheng ◽

Peihao Zhang ◽

Tianfang Kang

Keyword(s):

Air Pollutants ◽

Morphological Parameters ◽

And Diffusion

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Attrition as a bottom-up pathway to subnational democratization

International Political Science Review ◽

10.1177/01925121211019269 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 019251212110192

Author(s):

Trix van Mierlo

Keyword(s):

Civil Society ◽

Field Research ◽

Building Blocks ◽

The Philippines ◽

Causal Process ◽

Bottom Up ◽

System A ◽

Extensive Field ◽

Democratic System

Oftentimes, democracy is not spread out evenly over the territory of a country. Instead, pockets of authoritarianism can persist within a democratic system. A growing body of literature questions how such subnational authoritarian enclaves can be democratized. Despite fascinating insights, all existing pathways rely on the actions of elites and are therefore top-down. This article seeks to kick-start the discussion on a bottom-up pathway to subnational democratization, by proposing the attrition mechanism. This mechanism consists of four parts and is the product of abductive inference through theory-building causal process tracing. The building blocks consist of subnational democratization literature, social movement theory, and original empirical data gathered during extensive field research. This case study focuses on the ‘Dynasty Slayer’ in the province of Isabela, the Philippines, where civil society actors used the attrition mechanism to facilitate subnational democratization. This study implies that civil society actors in subnational authoritarian enclaves have agency.

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