Abstract
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the greatest public health concerns with increasing morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Our group reported stimulation of astrocyte mitochondrial metabolism by P2Y1 receptor agonists significantly reduced cerebral edema and reactive gliosis in a TBI model. Subsequent data on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and rapid metabolism of these compounds suggested neuroprotection was likely mediated by a metabolite, AST-004, which binding data indicated was an adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) agonist. Methods: The neuroprotective efficacy of AST-004 was tested in a controlled closed cortical injury (CCCI) model of TBI in mice. Results: Twenty-four (24) hours post-injury, mice subjected to CCCI and treated with AST-004 (0.22mg/kg) exhibited significantly less secondary brain injury. These effects were quantified with less cell death (PSVue794 fluorescence) and loss of blood brain barrier breakdown (Evans Blue extravasation assay), compared to vehicle treated TBI mice. TBI treated mice also exhibited significantly reduced neuroinflammatory markers, glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, astrogliosis) and ionized Ca2+ binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1, microgliosis), both at the mRNA (gRT-PCR) and protein (western blot and immunofluorescence) levels, respectively. Four (4) weeks post-injury, AST-004 treated TBI mice presented significantly reduced impairment of long-term memory. Spatial memory was assessed with a contextual fear conditioning behavior assay (freezing behavior after shock). Finally, AST-004 treatments were found to increase in vivo ATP production in astrocytes (gfap-targeted luciferase activity), consistent with the proposed mechanism of action. Conclusions: These data reveal AST-004 as a novel A3R agonist that increases astrocyte energy production and enhances their neuroprotective efficacy after brain injury.
Non-Nuclear WldS Determines Its Neuroprotective Efficacy for Axons and Synapses In Vivo
