Effects of the combination of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) and Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 on blue mold of apples caused by Penicillium expansum

The efficacy of Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 in controlling postharvest blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum on apples and the defense response involved were evaluated. The results suggested that the decay incidence of blue mold of apples treated by S. pararoseus Y16 was significantly reduced compared with the control. In vitro testing indicated that germination of spores and germ tube length of P. expansum were markedly inhibited by S. pararoseus Y16. Meanwhile, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and catalase (CAT) activities and several pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression levels (including PR3, PR4, PR5, and PR9) were determined. In apples, the activities of PPO, POD, CAT, and PAL were significantly induced by S. pararoseus Y16 treatment compared with the control fruits. The relative expression levels of PR3 and PR4 were significantly induced at 4 and 6 d, while PR5 was significantly induced at 4 and 6 d and PR9 was significantly induced at 4 d. Therefore, the reduction in apple fruit decay by S. pararoseus Y16 treatment could be related to the increased activities of related enzymes and proteins involved in the defense against pathogens, which suggest that S. pararoseus Y16 is a potential antagonistic yeast.

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Pantoea vagans strain BWL1 controls blue mold in mandarin fruit by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis in Penicillium expansum

Biological Control ◽

10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104639 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104639

Author(s):

Wanling Bi ◽

Rui Wang ◽

Youyang Yang ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Zhitao Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Ergosterol Biosynthesis ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Pantoea Vagans

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Enhancement the biocontrol efficacy of Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 against apple blue mold decay by glycine betaine and its mechanism

Biological Control ◽

10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.104079 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 139 ◽

pp. 104079

Author(s):

Mandour H. Abdelhai ◽

Faisal Nureldin Awad ◽

Qiya Yang ◽

Gustav Komla Mahunu ◽

Esa Abiso Godana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glycine Betaine ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Biocontrol Efficacy ◽

Sporidiobolus Pararoseus

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Indole-3-Acetic Acid Improves Postharvest Biological Control of Blue Mold Rot of Apple by Cryptococcus laurentii

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-99-3-0258 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 99 (3) ◽

pp. 258-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Ting Yu ◽

Jishuang Chen ◽

Huangping Lu ◽

Xiaodong Zheng

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Natural Resistance ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Biocontrol Efficacy ◽

Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Cryptococcus laurentii is a well-known postharvest biocontrol yeast; however, it cannot provide satisfactory levels of decay control when used alone. Here, we evaluated the effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth regulator, on the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast antagonist C. laurentii against blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. Results showed that the addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml to suspensions of C. laurentii greatly enhanced inhibition of mold rot in apple wounds compared with that observed with C. laurentii alone. The addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml or lower did not influence the population growth of C. laurentii in wounds, but adverse effects were seen on C. laurentii when the concentration of IAA was increased to 200 μg/ml or above in vitro and in vivo. P. expansum infection in apple wounds was not inhibited when the pathogen was inoculated into the fruit wounds within 2 h after application of IAA; however, infection was reduced when inoculated more than 12 h after IAA application. Treatment of wounds with IAA at 20 μg/ml 24 h before pathogen inoculation resulted in significant inhibition of P. expansum spore germination and host infection. Application of IAA at 20 μg/ml also reduced P. expansum infection when it was applied 48 h before pathogen inoculation in the intact fruit. Thus, IAA could reinforce the biocontrol efficacy of C. laurentii in inhibiting blue mold of apple fruit by induction of the natural resistance of the fruit.

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Carbon-assimilation Pattern and Fruit-Degrading Enzymes in an Apple Blue Mold, Penicillium expansum

JSM Mycotoxins ◽

10.2520/myco1975.1999.suppl2_252 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 1999 (Suppl2) ◽

pp. 252-256

Author(s):

Soichiro Kimura ◽

Nobuko Ohno ◽

Harumi Fukuda ◽

Hiroharu Takahashi ◽

Hirofumi Shinoyama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Assimilation ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Degrading Enzymes

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Occurrence and Phenotypes of Pyrimethanil Resistance in Penicillium expansum from Apple in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-07-13-0721-re ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (7) ◽

pp. 924-928 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

R. Caiazzo ◽

Y. K. Kim ◽

C. L. Xiao

Keyword(s):

High Resistance ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Washington State ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Small Scale ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Resistance Phenotype ◽

Low Resistance

Penicillium expansum is the cause of blue mold in stored apple fruit. In 2010–11, 779 isolates of P. expansum were collected from decayed apple fruit from five packinghouses, tested for resistance to the postharvest fungicide pyrimethanil, and phenotyped based on the level of resistance. In 2010, 85 and 7% of the isolates were resistant to pyrimethanil in packinghouse A and B, respectively, where pyrimethanil had been used for four to five consecutive years. In 2011, pyrimethanil or fludioxonil was used in packinghouse A, and 96% of the isolates from the fruit treated with pyrimethanil were resistant but only 4% of the isolates from the fruit treated with fludioxonil were resistant to pyrimethanil, suggesting that fungicide rotation substantially reduced the frequency of pyrimethanil resistance. No pyrimethanil-resistant isolates were detected in 2010 in the three other packinghouses where the fungicide had been used recently on a small scale. However 1.8% of the isolates from one of the three packinghouses in 2011 were resistant to pyrimethanil. A significantly higher percentage of thiabendazole-resistant than thiabendazole-sensitive isolates were resistant to pyrimethanil. Of the pyrimethanil-resistant isolates, 37 to 52, 4 to 5, and 44 to 58% were phenotyped as having low, moderate, and high resistance to pyrimethanil, respectively. Fludioxonil effectively controlled pyrimethanil-resistant phenotypes on apple fruit but pyrimethanil failed to control phenotypes with moderate or high resistance to pyrimethanil and only partially controlled the low-resistance phenotype.

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Effect of the Yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on Postharvest Decay and Patulin Accumulation in Apples and Pears

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-218 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 157-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

RUIYU ZHU ◽

TING YU ◽

SHUANGHUAN GUO ◽

HAO HU ◽

XIAODONG ZHENG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Adsorption ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Biological Degradation ◽

Blue Mold ◽

High Concentration ◽

Marine Yeast ◽

Postharvest Decay ◽

Biological Treatments ◽

Promising Source

The effect of a strain of marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on postharvest blue mold and patulin accumulation in apples and pears stored at 23°C was evaluated. The occurrence and severity of apple and pear decay caused by Penicillium expansum were significantly inhibited by R. paludigenum. However, the application of the yeast at a high concentration (108 cells per ml) enhanced patulin accumulation after 7 days of storage; the amount of patulin increased 24.2 times and 12.6 times compared to the controls in infected apples and pears, respectively. However, R. paludigenum reduced the patulin concentration in the growth medium by both biological degradation and physical adsorption. Optimal in vitro patulin reduction was observed at 30°C and at pH 6.0. R. paludigenum incubated at 28°C was tolerant to patulin at concentrations up to 100 mg/liter. In conclusion, R. paludigenum was able to control postharvest decay in apples and pears and to remove patulin in vitro effectively. However, because the yeast induced patulin accumulation in fruit, the assessment of mycotoxin content after biological treatments in postharvest decay control is important. R. paludigenum may also be a promising source of gene(s) and enzyme(s) for patulin degradation and may be a tool to decrease patulin contamination in commercial fruit-derived products.

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Characterization of Penicillium Isolates Associated with Blue Mold on Apple in Uruguay

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.1.23 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

pp. 23-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

M. J. Pianzzola ◽

M. Moscatelli ◽

S. Vero

Keyword(s):

Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Species Level ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Postharvest Disease ◽

Pear Fruit ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Penicillium Spp ◽

Its1 And Its2

Blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. is the most important postharvest disease of apple in Uruguay. Fourteen isolates of Penicillium were recovered from rotten apple and pear fruit with blue mold symptoms, and from water from flotation tanks in commercial apple juice facilities. Phenotypic identification to species level was performed, and the isolates were tested for sensitivity to commonly used postharvest fungicides. Genetic characterization of the isolates was performed with restriction fragment length polymorphism of the region including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ITS1 and ITS2 and the 5.8SrRNA gene (ITS1-5.8SrRNA gene-ITS2) ribosomal DNA region and with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Both techniques were able to differentiate these isolates at the species level. RAPD analysis proved to be an objective, rapid, and reliable tool to identify Penicillium spp. involved in blue mold of apple. In all, 11 isolates were identified as Penicillium expansum and 3 as P. solitum. This is the first report of P. solitum as an apple pathogen in Uruguay.

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Pre- and Post-harvest Harpin Treatments of Apples Induce Resistance to Blue Mold

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2003.87.1.39 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 39-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Guy de Capdeville ◽

Steven V. Beer ◽

Christopher B. Watkins ◽

Charles L. Wilson ◽

Luís O. Tedeschi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apple Fruit ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Inoculum Concentration ◽

Commercial Formulation ◽

Disease Progress ◽

Promising Strategy ◽

Cold Room ◽

Induce Resistance

Harpin was studied for its ability to induce resistance in apple fruit to blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum after harvest. Red Delicious fruit were harvested and sprayed with harpin at 0, 40, 80, and 160 mg/liter applied as a commercial formulation. At 48, 96, and 144 h after treatment, fruit were wound inoculated with spore suspensions of P. expansum at 103, 5 × 103, or 104 spores/ml. The diameters of the resulting lesions were directly proportional to the inoculum concentration. Fewer fruit treated with harpin became infected relative to the controls, and disease progress was considerably reduced. In a second experiment, apple trees of the cultivars McIntosh, Empire, and Red Delicious were sprayed with different concentrations of harpin 8 or 4 days before harvest. Fruit were harvested, wounded, inoculated with the fungus, and stored in a commercial cold room. Fewer fruit treated with harpin became infected compared with the controls. Greater control resulted from the higher concentrations of harpin, but no difference in control occurred as a function of interval between the spray time and harvest. Spraying apple trees with harpin a few days before harvest is a promising strategy for reducing blue mold decay in storage.

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Biological control of apple blue mold withPseudomonas fluorescens

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w05-039 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 51 (7) ◽

pp. 591-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Hassan-Reza Etebarian ◽

Peter L Sholberg ◽

Kenneth C Eastwell ◽

Ronald J Sayler

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Fluorescent Protein ◽

Biological Control Agent ◽

Major Effect ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Postharvest Disease ◽

Dual Culture ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Iron Chelate ◽

Penicillium Spp

Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate 1100-6 was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for apple blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum or Penicillium solitum. Both the wild-type isolate 1100-6 and a genetically modified derivative labeled with the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were compared. The P. fluorescens isolates with or without GFP equally reduced the growth of Penicillium spp. and produced large zones of inhibition in dual culture plate assays. Cell-free metabolites produced by the bacterial antagonists reduced the colony area of Penicillium isolates by 17.3% to 78.5%. The effect of iron chelate on the antagonistic potential of P. fluorescens was also studied. The use of iron chelate did not have a major effect on the antagonistic activity of P. fluorescens. With or without GFP, P. fluorescens significantly reduced the severity and incidence of apple decay by 2 P. expansum isolates after 11 d at 20 °C and by P. expansum and P. solitum after 25 d at 5 °C when the biocontrol agents were applied in wounds 24 or 48 h before challenging with Penicillium spp. Populations of P. fluorescens labeled with the GFP were determined 1, 9, 14, and 20 d after inoculation at 5 °C. The log CFU/mL per wound increased from 6.95 at the time of inoculation to 9.12 CFU/mL (P < 0.05) 25 d after inoculation at 5 °C. The GFP strain did not appear to penetrate deeply into wounds based on digital photographs taken with an inverted fluorescence microscope. These results indicate that P. fluorescens isolate 1100-6 could be an important new biological control for apple blue mold.Key words: Penicillium expansum, P. solitum, postharvest disease, Malus, GFP.

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